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Risks Related to Intellectual Property, Privacy, Cybersecurity, and Technical Infrastructure

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Legal and Regulatory Risks

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Risks Related to Our Common Stock, Capital Markets and Indebtedness

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PART I

Item 1. Business.

INTRODUCTION

As used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, unless expressly stated otherwise or the context otherwise requires, the terms “IA” or “the Company”, “we”, “us” and “our”, refers to Innovative Solutions & Support, Inc. dba Innovative Aerosystems and its subsidiaries.

Incorporated in Pennsylvania in 1988, IA is a vertically integrated provider of flight solutions and equipment to commercial air transport, general aviation markets, the United States Department of Defense (“DoD”) and allied foreign militaries.

On October 6, 2025, the Company rebranded and adopted our new trade name, Innovative Aerosystems.

We operate in one business segment that designs, develops, manufactures, sells and services avionics products and systems for retrofit applications and Original Equipment Manufacturers (“OEMs”).

In the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025, we reported net sales of $84.3 million, an increase of 78.6% on a year-over-year basis from $47.2 million in the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, and net income of $15.6 million, an increase of 123.3% on a year-over-year basis from $7.0 million in the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024.

At September 30, 2025, our backlog was $77.4 million compared with $89.2 million at September 30, 2024. Backlog at September 30, 2024 included $74.3 million of acquired backlog as a result of the September 27, 2024 acquisition. Backlog is converted into sales in future periods as work is performed or deliveries are made. Our backlog does not include additional future orders that may be received under our current OEM contracts. We expect to recognize approximately 44% of our backlog over the next 12 months and approximately 92% over the next 24 months as revenue, with the remainder recognized thereafter.

During the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025, we made important progress on our commercial growth strategy, highlighted by several key awards and contract wins across our commercial, military and business aviation markets. In October 2024, we announced our ThrustSense® Autothrottle system was selected by the US Army to be installed on their C-12 (B200) aircraft equipped with ProLine21 avionics suites®. Deliveries of the ThrustSense® Autothrottle system for this application began in September 2024, with ongoing installations anticipated. In August 2024, we received a multi-million dollar production contract from a major aerospace company to supply our 19” Multifunction Display (MFD) with Integrated Mission Computer. This order marks our latest OEM contract and builds on existing programs with Pilatus for the PC-24, Textron for the King Air 260/360 and Boeing for the KC-46A, KC-767 and the T-7A

OUR BUSINESS MODEL

We specialize in providing systems integrations capabilities that include the design, manufacture, sale and servicing of high-performance avionics products and systems used in both commercial and military aircraft platforms.

As a systems integrator, we leverage our proven expertise in developing end-to-end systems that combine mechanical, electrical, software, and avionics components into an integrated solution. Our activities as an integrator include system design and analysis; integration and testing; regulatory compliance and documentation; and lifecycle support.

Our systems integration activities leverage our owned intellectual property and our products and service capabilities, together with third-party technologies that, in combination, provide our customers with advanced solutions on an on-demand basis.

We believe that our ability to source and integrate advanced componentry provides our customers with a unique value proposition, one that helps to reduce cost and optimize fleet utilization.

Currently, we support multiple OEM platforms, including those with the Boeing Company, Eclipse Aerospace, Lockheed Martin, and Pilatus Aircraft.

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Products

We manufacture, market, and sell a wide range of high-value, advanced avionics solutions for commercial air transport, business aviation, and military customers. We source our products through internal research and development, as well as through the opportunistic licensing and acquisition of mature product lines that complement our existing business.

We believe that acquiring additional product lines creates opportunities to leverage cost synergies through better utilization of our skilled engineering team and existing operational capacity, while also expanding our customer base. These acquisitions also enable us to market our internally developed products to newly acquired customers.

As our product offerings focus on individual avionics components and systems, we are able to market our products to both original equipment manufacturers that are building new aircraft and customers participating in the retrofit market.

Our product portfolio consists of the following five categories:

Integrated Flight Deck Systems COCKPIT/IP® that include primary flight/navigation displays, crew alerting and engine displays, integrated standby instruments and mission displays;

Navigation Systems that include flight management systems, mission computers, navigation radios and transponders;

Communication Systems that include communication radios, audio panels and radio management units;

Sensors and Control Systems that include air data computers, attitude and heading reference systems, magnetometers, inertial reference units, GPS receivers, utility management systems and flight control computers; and

Advanced Flight Actuators that include an array of linear and rotary smart-actuators for movement of aircraft levers and surfaces.

Manufacturing Engineering & Design

We believe that our customers value our history of technological innovation, new product development and technical expertise across multiple platforms. As of September 30, 2025, we held 171 U.S. and international patents relating to our products and systems. We invest heavily in engineering and development, with approximately 37 % of our full-time employees serving in engineering-related roles as of September 30, 2025.

We operate an 85,000-square-foot design, manufacturing, and office facility in Exton, Pennsylvania. We are certified to both ISO 9001 and AS9100D, internationally recognized standards that define effective quality management practices. These certifications demonstrate our rigorous processes for employee training, product design, and manufacturing, ensuring that products and related services consistently meet or exceed customer quality requirements. All of our products also undergo extensive, fully documented quality-control testing before shipment.

In the quarter ended June 30, 2025, the Company completed construction of an additional 40,000 square feet of capacity at the Exton facility, expanding it to a total of 85,000 square feet. This expansion is expected to increase IA’s manufacturing capacity by more than 300%, supporting our commercial growth strategy and enabling IA to capitalize on recent transactions with Honeywell. We expect to leverage this more than three-fold increase in capacity to meet growing demand and scale production efficiently.

Sales & Marketing

Our multi-channel sales strategy targets passenger and cargo carrying aircraft operators, general aviation owner/operators, maintenance, repair and overhaul (“MRO”) dealer networks, distributors, avionics integrators, aircraft modification centers, the Department of Defense (the “DoD”), DoD contractors and OEMs.

Periodically, the Company evaluates our sales and marketing efforts with respect to these focus areas and, where appropriate, makes use of third-party sales representatives who receive compensation through commissions based on performance.

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Raw Materials

We require the use of various raw materials in our manufacturing processes. We purchase a variety of manufactured component parts from various suppliers. We also purchase replacement parts, which are utilized in our various repair and overhaul operations. At times, we concentrate our orders among a few suppliers in order to strengthen our supplier relationships. Most of our raw materials and component parts are generally available from multiple suppliers at competitive prices.

Disruptions in the global supply chain have resulted in delays in the availability of certain raw materials and increased raw material prices, among other costs, including labor. As the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025 progressed, raw material price escalation moderated, although our ability to obtain raw materials and components in a timely and cost-efficient manner remains a strategic focus entering fiscal year 2026. Although we continue to evaluate various opportunities to expand our procurement network, OEM certification processes associated with aerospace products could prevent efficient replacement of a supplier, raw material or component part.

Suppliers

The Company’s manufacturing activities consist primarily of assembling and testing components and subassemblies and integrating them into finished systems. Typically, the Company purchases components for products, including any necessary raw materials, from third-party suppliers, several of which are sole source, and assembles them in a clean room environment. Many of the components purchased are standard products, although certain parts are made to the Company’s specifications. Although there are a limited number of suppliers of particular components, management believes other suppliers could provide similar components on comparable terms.

When appropriate, the Company enters into long-term supply agreements and uses its relationships with long-term suppliers to improve product quality and availability and reduce delivery times and product costs. In addition, the Company identifies alternative suppliers for important component parts. Generally, the introduction of component parts from new suppliers into existing products requires FAA certification of the entire finished product if the newly sourced component varies significantly from the original drawings and specifications.

OUR CUSTOMERS AND PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION

The Company’s customers include the U.S. federal government (including the DoD, the Department of Interior and the Department of Homeland Security), Air Transport Services Group Inc. (“ATSG”), Amazon.com, Inc., American Airlines, Inc., Boeing, Deutsche Post DHL Group, FedEx Corporation (“FedEx”), Icelandair, L3Harris Technologies, Inc. (“L3 Harris Technologies”), Lockheed Martin Corporation (“Lockheed Martin”), Pilatus, Sierra Nevada Corporation, Textron, and the Department of National Defense (Canada), among others.

The Company’s revenue is concentrated with a limited number of customers. The Company’s revenue is concentrated in a limited number of customers. In the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025, our three largest customers, Lockheed Martin, Pilatus, and Boeing accounted for 36%, 8% and 5% of total revenue, respectively. In the fiscal year ended September 30, 2024, our three largest customers, Pilatus, Textron and Honeywell accounted for 23%, 7% and 7% of total revenue, respectively. In fiscal year ended September 30, 2023, the three largest customers, Pilatus, ATSG and Textron accounted for 23%, 12% and 10% of total revenue, respectively.

Retrofit Market

The aviation retrofit market involves the modification, refurbishment, or upgrade of existing aircraft to improve performance, safety, fuel efficiency, passenger experience, or regulatory compliance. This market has been growing, especially as airlines and operators seek to extend the lifetime of existing fleets, reduce operational costs, and meet new environmental standards. Historically, most of the Company’s sales have come from the retrofit market, which the Company has pursued because of the growing need to support the world’s aging fleet of aircraft. The design and airframes of many types of older aircraft generally exceed the technology and technical capabilities of the original cockpit instruments and avionics. The Company has developed products that enable owners and operators to upgrade their aircraft by retrofitting them with the Company’s products at a competitive cost with equipment that provides instruments with capabilities and technology equivalent to newer aircraft.

We expect our main customers in the retrofit market will continue to be the DoD and defense contractors, aircraft operators and aircraft modification centers.

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U.S. Department of Defense and Defense Contractors. The Company markets its products directly to the DoD and to domestic and international defense contractors for end use in military aircraft retrofit programs. DoD programs generally take one of two forms: a subcontract with a prime government contractor, such as Boeing, Lockheed Martin, or L3 Harris Technologies, or a direct contract with the appropriate government entity, such as the U.S. Air Force. The government’s desire for cost-effective retrofit of its aircraft has led it to purchase commercial off-the-shelf equipment rather than to develop specially designed products, which are usually more costly and take longer to implement. These retrofit contracts tend to be on arms-length commercial terms, although some termination and other provisions of typical government contracts may be incorporated as described below under “Government Regulation.” Each government agency or general contractor usually retains the right to modify or terminate a contract at any time at its convenience. Upon such alteration or termination, the Company is typically entitled to compensation for items already delivered and reimbursement for allowable costs incurred.

Aircraft Operators. The Company markets its products to aircraft operators, including commercial airlines, cargo carriers and business and general aviation aircraft owners or suppliers, primarily for retrofitting of aircraft owned or operated by these customers. The Company’s commercial fleet customers include or have included, among others, American Airlines, Inc., ATSG, FedEx and Icelandair. The Company sells these customers a range of products and services.

Aircraft Modification Centers. Aircraft modification centers, which repair and retrofit private aircraft, represent the primary retrofit market for private and corporate jets. The Company has established relationships with a several aircraft modification centers throughout the United States which act as distribution outlets and installation centers for the Company’s products.

Original Equipment Manufacturers

The Company sells components to OEMs for use in original construction of aircraft. The Company has signed a multi-year agreement with Textron to supply ThrustSense® Autothrottles for their King Air 360 and King Air 260 production aircraft. The Company has also developed and manufactures the utilities management system for the Pilatus’ PC-24 aircraft under a multi-year production contract. The Company also markets its products to other OEMs including, among others, Boeing and Lockheed Martin.

COMPETITIVE CONDITIONS

We experience competition in our aerospace and defense markets across suppliers of competitive products and services as well as with vertically integrated primes. We believe that the principal points of competition in our markets are product quality, reliability, price, design and engineering capabilities, product development, conformity to customer specifications, timeliness of delivery, effectiveness of the distribution organization and quality of support after the sale. We believe IA has demonstrated a track record of performance excellence across each of these areas that has resulted in long-standing customer relationships, often characterized by recurring contractual relationships.

With respect to our products, the Company’s principal competitors include Honeywell Aerospace, Collins Aerospace, GE Aerospace, Thales Defense & Security, Inc., Elbit Systems and Garmin Ltd.

OUR COMPETITIVE STRENGTHS

• Vertically integrated model. IA can reduce its time-to-market through in-house design, manufacturing and testing capabilities; full-service integration and repair capabilities; and deep technical expertise.

• Systems integration expertise. IA’s extensive system integration expertise is a key differentiator within the market and provides a compelling value to its Company’s customer base. We believe this expertise enhances ease of installation, reduces aircraft downtime and reduces system complexity.

• Retrofit application expertise. The average age of the global commercial airline fleet has been increasing over the last 20 years and reached a record level of 14.8 years in late 2024, according to the International Air Transport Association. Extending an aircraft’s lifespan increases maintenance demands, since age brings wear and tear that requires more frequent and thorough inspections and replacement of parts that fail or reach their lifetime limits. IA specializes in retrofitting older aircraft with state-of-the-art avionics, such as Flat Panel Display Systems and Autothrottles that significantly improve functionality and compliance with current aviation standards.

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•Strong Product and IP Portfolio. As of September 30, 2025, the Company held 46 U.S. patents. The Company also holds 125 international patents and has 17 trademarks. Certain of these patents cover technology relating to air data measurement systems, and others cover technology relating to flat panel display systems and other aspects of the COCKPIT/IP® product.

•Depth of experience in serving global customers. IA has experience serving both commercial and military customers with global reach, including, among others, Amazon, American Airlines, BAE Systems, Boeing, DHL, Eclipse Aviation, FedEx, Lockheed Martin, Pilatus, and Textron.

INDUSTRY OUTLOOK

We operate in highly competitive markets. Since our inception more than 35 years ago, our markets have experienced significant growth, leading to new entrants with considerable financial resources and scale. During this time, IA has built a strong position with a portfolio of established, long-term customers that value our ability to deliver reliable, high-quality products that incorporate advanced technologies together with expert technical support, and a competitive, value-centric approach to product pricing.

We believe that, in times of adverse economic conditions, customers that may have otherwise elected to purchase newly manufactured aircraft may be interested instead in retrofitting existing aircraft as a cost-effective alternative, thereby enhancing the retrofit market opportunity for the Company.

A wide range of information is critical for the proper and safe operation of aircraft. With advances in technology, new types of information to assist pilots are becoming available for display in cockpits, such as satellite-based weather, ground terrain maps and Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (“ADS-B”) navigation. We believe that aircraft cockpits will continue evolving into comprehensive information centers, delivering an expanding range of data, whether mandated by regulation or demanded by pilots, to support the safe and efficient operation of aircraft. We design, manufacture and service products that incorporate advanced technologies; the introduction of new products and technologies involves risks, and we may not realize the degree or timing of benefits initially anticipated. We further expect the market to progress toward increasingly autonomous flight, with the flight deck integrating additional transitional technologies as the industry advances along the path to full autonomy.

Historically, equipment data, such as engine and fuel-related information, were displayed on analog mechanical instruments. Engine and fuel instruments provide information on engine activity, including oil and hydraulic pressures and temperature. These instruments are clustered throughout an aircraft’s cockpit. Individual instruments tend to be replaced more frequently than the aircraft itself due to obsolescence and normal wear-and-tear. Increasingly, operators are replacing their clusters of analog mechanical instruments with integrated display systems, such as IA’s panel displays.

As airspace and airport environments become increasingly congested, the aviation industry and its regulators are placing greater emphasis on technologies, procedures and regulatory frameworks designed to enable higher traffic capacity while maintaining or improving safety, operational efficiency and environmental performance. Emerging technologies and procedures, including traffic-avoidance systems, ground-awareness tools, enhanced navigation and vertical-position accuracy, runway-incursion prevention technologies and expanded digital communication capabilities, are expected to require new and intuitive methods for presenting situational-awareness information to pilots. The Company believes that its flat-panel display and other products are well suited to address these evolving requirements and to support the industry’s ongoing demand for improved cockpit information systems.

STRATEGY

The foundation of our value creation framework is our focused business strategy which seeks to deliver stable commercial growth, including both organic and inorganic growth, operational excellence and disciplined capital allocation. Key elements of the strategy include the following:

Targeted Growth

•Expand product line portfolio.

The Company believes that its new Liberty Flight Deck (LFD) will be a key driver of its next phase of growth. The Liberty Flight Deck is a customer-centric, fully customizable design that can be tailored for most aircraft types, including large passenger and cargo, business aviation, and military applications. Unique features within the LFD facilitate significant pilot workload reduction that we believe will eventually to lead to single operations in air transport (part 25) aircraft and full flight autonomy over time.

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The Company develops innovative products by integrating its avionics, engineering, and design expertise with commercially available technologies, components, and products originating from non-aviation industries, including the personal computer and telecommunications sectors. The Company’s COCKPIT/IP® system components illustrate its capability to incorporate selected non-avionic technologies into aviation applications. For example, the Company identified an unmet need in the turboprop aircraft market arising from the absence of an available autothrottle system. In response, the Company invested in the development of a turboprop autothrottle and subsequently introduced its ThrustSense® Autothrottle, which incorporates patented technologies. The Company believes that its turboprop autothrottle offers an effective and comparatively less complex solution relative to other available systems and includes multiple sensing and safety features. The Company intends to continue to pursue opportunities associated with its position as the first provider of an autothrottle system for turboprop aircraft.

•Focus on retrofit opportunity.

Given an aging global aircraft fleet, cockpit avionics upgrades for existing aircraft continue to be a significant opportunity for the Company. We believe that retrofit of an aircraft with the COCKPIT/IP® FPDS, FMS and integrated standby unit system components is cost effective compared to the acquisition of a new aircraft and can provide similar functionality to that of new aircraft.

•Expand presence in flat panel display market.

Given the versatility, visual appeal, and lower cost of displaying a series of instruments and other flight relevant information on a single flat panel, the Company anticipates that flat panel displays will continue to increasingly replace individual analog and digital instrument LCDs and cathode ray tubes. The Company anticipates that its COCKPIT/IP® has significant benefits over competitive flat panel displays, including lower cost, larger size, reduced weight, enhanced viewing angles, and a broader array of functions.

The Company’s patented and proprietary Integrity Checking Processor and Zooming features provide increased situational awareness, reliability, performance and utility to the owner/operator. Accordingly, we believe that these advantages will allow the Company to generate increased revenues from the COCKPIT/IP® product and increase our market share. In addition, the Company expects that demand for new aircraft, FAA mandates and obsolescence issues on older aircraft will contribute to this growth.

•Evaluate potential acquisitions and strategic partnerships.

As a part of the Company’s growth strategy, we continuously evaluate acquisition opportunities and opportunities to make investments in complementary businesses, technologies, services or products. In addition, we may enter into strategic partnerships with parties who can provide access to assets, additional product or services offerings, additional distribution or marketing synergies or additional industry expertise in order to enhance and expand the Company’s product offerings, technology and capabilities in its current and future products. Any newly acquired products and technology may enable the Company to sell to a new group of buyers and introduce them to our broader range of products, particularly newly acquired product lines.

•Increase Military diversification.

The U.S. military is actively moving away from excessive reliance on the traditional top five prime contractors (Boeing, General Dynamics, Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, and RTX) through a strategic push for diversification, rapid acquisition of innovative technologies, and a concerted effort to leverage non-traditional suppliers and small businesses. Consequently, the Company is expanding its presence in the military market by focusing on winning contracts for key domestic and FMS defense programs, such as the C130 avionics upgrades, which the Company believes will increase the potential for even greater military market penetration.

Improve Operational Efficiency

•Leverage insourcing initiatives.

The Company works to build on its legacy of strong operational execution to generate attractive margins through both increased operating leverage from greater revenues and internal margin initiatives. The Company believes it can realize efficiencies in the manufacturing and repair of the acquired Honeywell products by insourcing the production of product sub-assemblies. We also expect to benefit from greater fixed cost leverage as we utilize the manufacturing capacity at our Exton facility more effectively. We intend to realize additional efficiencies through sourcing and procurement initiatives in an effort to drive cost savings.

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Return-Focused Capital Allocation Strategy

Employ a disciplined, return-focused capital allocation strategy. Our primary focus will be on capital deployment in support of our growth initiatives. The Company remains committed to maintaining strong financial flexibility.

Recent Acquisitions

In June 2023, the Company entered into an Asset Purchase and License Agreement (the “June 2023 Honeywell Agreement”) with Honeywell International, Inc. (“Honeywell”) pursuant to which Honeywell sold, assigned or licensed certain assets related to its inertial, communication and navigation product lines, including a sale of certain inventory, equipment and customer-related documents, an assignment of certain contracts and a grant of exclusive and non-exclusive licenses to use certain Honeywell intellectual property related to its inertial, communication and navigation product lines to repair, overhaul, manufacture sell, import, export and distribute certain products to the Company for cash consideration of $35.9 million.

In July 2024, the Company entered into an exclusive license agreement and acquired additional key assets for certain communication and navigation product lines from Honeywell (the “July 2024 Honeywell Asset Acquisition”). This transaction complemented the previous Honeywell license and asset acquisition completed in June 2023. Total consideration was $4.2 million in cash.

On September 27, 2024, the Company entered into a second Asset Purchase and License Agreement (the “September 2024 Honeywell Agreement”) with Honeywell, pursuant to which Honeywell sold, assigned or licensed certain assets related to its various generations of military display generators and flight control computers, including a sale of certain inventory, equipment and customer-related documents; an assignment of certain contracts; and a grant of exclusive and non-exclusive licenses to use certain Honeywell intellectual property related to its various generations of military display generators and flight control computers to repair, overhaul, manufacture sell, import, export and distribute certain products to the Company for consideration of $14.2 million in cash. The exclusive licensing of these product lines from Honeywell is a unique opportunity for the Company that enhances its current offerings in the air transport, military and business aviation markets. In addition, there are potential cost synergies from better utilization of the Company’s skilled engineering team and its existing operational capacity. The Company believes the September 2024 Honeywell Agreement will help to accelerate the Company’s growth and enhance its global reputation for delivering best price-for-performance product and service solutions.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

We have various trade secrets, proprietary information, trademarks, trade names, patents, copyrights and other intellectual property rights, which we believe, in the aggregate but not individually, are important to our business. The Company's products are manufactured, marketed and sold using a portfolio of patents, trademarks, licenses, and other forms of intellectual property, some of which expire in the future. The Company develops and acquires new intellectual property on an ongoing basis. As of September 30, 2025, the Company held 46 U.S. patents. The Company also holds 125 international patents and has 17 trademarks. Based on the broad scope of the Company’s product lines, management believes that the loss or expiration of any single intellectual property right would not have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.

HUMAN CAPITAL RESOURCES

Our ability to attract, develop and retain top talent across all of our business functions, and particularly in highly technical areas, has a significant impact on organizational success. Accordingly, our human capital management strategy places a significant focus on both attracting a diverse, highly skilled workforce and engaging and developing talent from within by creating a work environment that promotes inclusion and equitability. By providing our valued employees the opportunity to enhance their skillsets, develop their careers and pursue excellence through numerous training and development opportunities, we consistently emphasize the importance of innovation and continuous improvement throughout our organization.

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We attract and compensate our employees by offering a competitive total compensation package which includes benefits, resources, and programs that support health, physical, mental, and financial wellness. The benefits package we offer, coupled with employee recognition opportunities and employee engagement activities help create a comprehensive employee experience.

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As of September 30, 2025, we had 147 full-time employees as compared to 133 full-time employees as of September 30, 2024. On an as-needed basis, we employ temporary personnel with specialized disciplines to fill staffing gaps. We do not have any employees represented by a union, and we believe that our relations with our employees are good. We provide our team members with ongoing

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opportunities to share thoughts and perspectives on company and employment-related matters through surveys, all-hands meetings, and management open door policies. Our management, with oversight from the Compensation and Nominating & Corporate Governance Committee of our board of directors, monitors the hiring, retention, and management of our employees.

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GOVERNMENT REGULATION

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Environmental Regulation

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We are subject to regulations administered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, various state, county, and local agencies acting in cooperation with federal and state authorities. Among other things, these regulatory bodies impose restrictions to control air, soil, and water pollution, to protect against occupational exposure to chemicals, including health and safety risks, and to require notification or reporting of the storage, use, and release of certain hazardous chemicals and substances. The extensive regulatory framework imposes compliance burdens and risks on us. Governmental authorities have the power to enforce compliance with these regulations and to obtain injunctions or impose civil and criminal fines in the case of violations.

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The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (“CERCLA”) imposes strict, joint and several liability on the present and former owners and operators of facilities that release hazardous substances into the environment. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (“RCRA”) regulates the generation, transportation, treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous waste. In addition, the Occupational Safety and Health Act, which requires employers to provide a place of employment that is free from recognized and preventable hazards that are likely to cause serious physical harm to employees, obligates employers to provide notice to employees regarding the presence of hazardous chemicals and to train employees in the use of such substances.

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Our operations require the use of a limited amount of chemicals and other materials, which are classified under applicable laws as hazardous chemicals and substances. We follow all federal, state and local rules and regulations regarding the disposal of these chemicals and associated waste.

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Federal Aviation Administration Regulation

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We are subject to regulation by the Federal Aviation Administration (“FAA”) under the provisions of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, as amended. The FAA prescribes standards and licensing requirements for aircraft and aircraft components. We are subject to inspections by the FAA and may be subjected to fines and other penalties (including orders to cease production) for noncompliance with FAA regulations. Our failure to comply with applicable regulations could result in the termination of or our disqualification from some of our contracts, which could have a material adverse effect on our operations.

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GOVERNMENT CONTRACT COMPLIANCE

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Our government contracts and sub-contracts are subject to the procurement rules and regulations of the U.S. Government. Many of the contract terms are dictated by these rules and regulations. Specifically, cost-based pricing is determined under the Federal Acquisition Regulation (“FAR”), which provide guidance on the types of costs that are allowable in establishing prices for goods and services under U.S. Government contracts. For example, costs such as those related to charitable contributions, advertising, interest expense, and public relations are unallowable, and therefore not recoverable through sales. During and after the fulfillment of a government contract, we may be audited in respect of the direct and allocated indirect costs attributed thereto. These audits may result in adjustments to our contract costs. Additionally, we may be subject to U.S. Government inquiries and investigations because of our participation in government procurement. Any inquiry or investigation can result in fines or limitations on our ability to continue to bid for government contracts and fulfill existing contracts. We believe that we are in compliance with all federal, state, and local laws and regulations governing our operations and have obtained all material licenses and permits required for the operation of our business.

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The U.S. Government generally has the ability to terminate our contracts, in whole or in part, without prior notice, for convenience or for default based on performance. If a U.S. Government contract were to be terminated for convenience, we generally would be protected by provisions covering reimbursement for costs incurred on the contract and profit on those costs, but not the anticipated profit that would have been earned had the contract been completed. In the unusual circumstance where a U.S. Government contract does not have such termination protection, we attempt to mitigate the termination risk through other means. Termination resulting from our default may expose us to liability and could have a material adverse effect on our ability to compete for other contracts. The U.S. Government also has the ability to stop work under a contract for a limited period of time for its convenience. In the event of a stop work order, we generally would be protected by provisions covering reimbursement for costs incurred on the contract to date and

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for costs associated with the temporary stoppage of work on the contract. However, such temporary stoppages and delays could introduce inefficiencies for which we may not be able to negotiate full recovery from the U.S. Government and could ultimately result in termination for convenience or reduced future orders on certain contracts. Additionally, we may be required to continue to perform for some period of time on certain of our U.S. Government contracts, even if the U.S. Government is unable to make timely payments.

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Backlog

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Backlog represents the value of contracts and purchase orders, less the revenue recognized to date on those contracts and purchase orders. The backlog excludes potential future sole-source production orders from products developed under the Company’s engineering development contracts (“EDC”) programs, including the Pilatus PC-24, the KC-46A and the Textron King Air 360 and King Air 260 ThrustSense® Autothrottle programs. Although the Company believes that the orders included in backlog are firm, most of the backlog involves orders that can be modified or terminated by the customer.

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At September 30, 2025, our backlog was $77.4 million compared with $89.2 million at September 30, 2024. Backlog is converted into sales in future periods as work is performed or deliveries are made. We expect to recognize approximately 44% of our backlog over the next 12 months and approximately 92% over the next 24 months as revenue, with the remainder recognized thereafter.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors.

1A Risk Factors

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

If the Company fails to enhance existing products, or to develop and achieve market acceptance for flat panel displays, flight control computers, display generators, flight management systems, autothrottle technology and other new products that meet customer requirements, its business, financial condition and results of operation may be affected adversely.

The Company spends a large portion of its research and development efforts in developing and marketing the FPDS, FMS, ThrustSense® Autothrottle, military display generators and flight control computers and other complementary products.The Company spends a large portion of its research and development efforts in developing and marketing the FPDS, FMS, ThrustSense® Autothrottle and complementary products. The Company’s ability to grow and diversify its operations through the introduction and sale of new products is dependent upon its continued success in product development and engineering activities, its sales and marketing efforts, its ability to acquire new products from strategic partnerships and acquisitions, and its ability to obtain necessary regulatory approvals to sell such products. Sales growth will depend in part on market acceptance of and demand for FPDS, FMS, ThrustSense® Autothrottle, military display generators and flight control computers and any other products we develop in the future. Sales growth will depend in part on market acceptance of and demand for the FPDS, FMS, ThrustSense® Autothrottle and any products we develop in the future. The Company cannot be certain that it will be able to develop, acquire, introduce or market its FPDS, FMS, ThrustSense® Autothrottle, military display generators and flight control computers or other new products or product enhancements in a timely or cost-effective manner, or that any new products or product enhancements will receive market acceptance or necessary regulatory approval. The Company cannot be certain that it will be able to develop, acquire, introduce or market its FPDS, FMS, ThrustSense® Autothrottle or other new products or product enhancements in a timely or cost-effective manner, or that any new products or product enhancements will receive market acceptance or necessary regulatory approval. In addition, the Company’s business is dependent upon maintaining its reputation and relationships with existing customers and potential partners. If the Company’s performance or the performance of the Company’s products does not meet its customers’ expectations, the Company’s reputation and its relationships could be damaged, which may have a material adverse impact on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Growth of the Company’s customer base could be limited by delays or difficulties in completing development and introduction of planned products or product enhancements.

Our growth strategy is dependent in part upon our successful entry into new markets. In seeking new customers, the Company may have difficulty in displacing the products of incumbent competitors who are more familiar with such markets and the needs of target customers. The Company cannot be assured that potential customers will accept its products or that existing customers will not abandon them. Similarly, due to the nature of the Company’s products, potential customers may not be willing to expend the resources and effort required to replace existing competitive technology and parts with the Company’s products.

If the Company fails to modify or improve its products in response to evolving industry standards and government regulations, its products could become obsolete rapidly.

Our products must continue to evolve as the industry evolves, and simultaneously continue to comply with government standards. Future generations of flat panel displays, air data systems, engine and fuel displays, flight management systems and computers and autothrottle technology which embody new technologies or new industry standards could render the Company’s products obsolete. The market for aviation products is subject to rapid technological change, new product introductions, changes in customer preferences, and evolving industry standards and government regulations. The Company’s future success will depend on its ability to:

•embrace rapidly changing technologies;

•adapt the Company’s products to evolving industry standards and government regulations; and

These factors may be costly to the Company, and there is no assurance that the Company will be successful in its strategy.

Furthermore, new regulations or product standards, and changes to existing product standards could require the Company to change its products and underlying technology and expend significant costs to come into compliance. Many of our customer contracts additionally require us to comply with strict industry standards. The policies and regulations applicable to the Company may be modified, interpreted, and applied inconsistently, which may result in the Company’s noncompliance with applicable rules. If the Company is found to be noncompliant with applicable regulations or rules imposed by certain contracts, the Company may face significant fines, reputational harm, and other regulatory consequences (such as, loss of certain certifications or operational restrictions). Any of the foregoing consequences may adversely affect the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

We design, manufacture and service products that incorporate advanced technologies; the introduction of new products and technologies involves risks, and we may not realize the degree or timing of benefits initially anticipated.

The design, development, production, sale and support of innovative commercial aerospace and defense systems and products involves advanced technologies. We invest substantial amounts in research and development efforts to pursue advancements in a wide range of technologies, products and services aimed at meeting the ever-evolving product, program and service needs of our customers. Our ability to realize the anticipated benefits of our investments depends on a variety of factors, including meeting development, production, certification and regulatory approval schedules; receiving regulatory approvals; execution of internal and external performance plans; achieving cost and production efficiencies; availability and quality of supplier- and internally-produced parts and materials; availability of supplier and internal facility capacity to perform maintenance, repair and overhaul services; availability of test equipment; development of complex software; hiring and training of qualified personnel; identification of emerging technological trends for our target end-customers; the level of customer interest in new technologies and products and customer acceptance of our products and technologies. For example, our customers manufacture or acquire end products and systems that incorporate certain of our products. These end products and systems may also incorporate additional technologies manufactured by third parties and involve additional risks and uncertainties. As a result, the performance and industry acceptance of these larger systems and end products could affect the level of customer interest in and acceptance of our products in the marketplace. In addition, many of our products must adhere to strict regulatory and market-driven safety and performance standards in a variety of jurisdictions. The evolving nature of these standards, along with the long duration of development, production and aftermarket support programs, creates uncertainty regarding program profitability, particularly with our aircraft engine products. Development efforts divert resources from other potential investments in our businesses, and these efforts may not lead to the development of new technologies or products on a timely

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basis or meet the needs of our customers as fully as competitive offerings. In addition, the industries for our products or products that incorporate our technologies may not develop or grow as we anticipate. We or our customers, suppliers or subcontractors may encounter difficulties in developing and producing new products and services and may not realize the degree or timing of benefits initially anticipated or may otherwise suffer significant adverse financial consequences. Due to the design complexity of our products or those of our customers or third-party manufacturers that incorporate our products into theirs or our customers’ products, we may experience delays in completing the development and introduction of new products or we may experience the suspension of production after these products enter into service due to safety concerns. Due to the design complexity of our products or those of our customers or third party manufacturers that incorporate our products into theirs or our customers’ products, we may experience delays in completing the development and introduction of new products or we may experience the suspension of production after these products enter into service due to safety concerns. Delays and/or suspension of production could result in increased development costs or deflect resources from other projects. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may pursue strategic acquisitions, investments, strategic partnerships, product line acquisitions or other ventures, and our business could be materially harmed if we fail to successfully identify, evaluate, complete, and integrate such transactions.​​​13 Table of ContentsWe may pursue strategic acquisitions, investments, strategic partnerships, product line acquisitions or other ventures, and our business could be materially harmed if we fail to successfully identify, evaluate, complete, and integrate such transactions. Acquisitions involve inherent risks that may adversely affect our operating results and financial condition. The Company may be unable to successfully integrate and realize the anticipated benefits of recent acquisitions.

Our growth strategy includes evaluating acquisition opportunities and opportunities to make investments in complementary businesses, technologies, services or products, or to enter into strategic partnerships with parties who can provide access to those assets, additional product or services offerings, additional distribution or marketing synergies or additional industry expertise. Our growth strategy includes evaluating acquisition opportunities and opportunities to make investments in complementary businesses, technologies, services or products, or to enter into strategic partnerships with parties who can provide access to those assets, additional product or services offerings, additional distribution or marketing synergies or additional industry expertise.

We may not be able to identify suitable acquisition, investment or strategic partnership candidates, or if we do identify suitable candidates in the future, we may not be able to complete transactions with such partners on commercially favorable terms, or at all. Our ability to find partners to further our growth strategy is likely to be affected by factors outside of our control in the aerospace industry such as the activities of pilot unions, pilot shortages and labor strikes, along with other economic and geopolitical factors. Our ability to find partners to further our growth strategy is likely to be affected by factors outside of our control in the aerospace industry such as pilot unions, pilot shortages and labor strikes, including other economic and geopolitical factors. Any one of these factors may impede our ability to find strategic partners.

Acquisitions involve various inherent risks, such as: our ability to assess accurately the value, strengths, weaknesses, internal controls, contingent and other liabilities and potential profitability of acquisition candidates; difficulties in integrating acquired businesses, our potential inability to achieve identified financial, operating and other synergies anticipated to result from an acquisition, and integration issues associated with internal controls of acquired businesses; the diversion of management’s attention from our existing businesses; the potential impairment of assets; potential unknown liabilities associated with a business that we acquire or in which we invest, including environmental liabilities; potential margin dilution and production delays associated with consolidating acquired facilities and manufacturing operations. Acquisitions involve various inherent risks, such as: our ability to assess accurately the value, strengths, weaknesses, internal controls, contingent and other liabilities and potential profitability of acquisition candidates; difficulties in integrating acquired businesses, our potential inability to achieve identified financial, operating and other synergies anticipated to result from an acquisition, and integration issues associated with internal controls of acquired businesses; the diversion of management’s attention from our existing businesses; the potential impairment of assets; potential unknown liabilities associated with a business that we acquire or in which we invest, including environmental liabilities; and production delays associated with consolidating acquired facilities and manufacturing operations. Any past or future acquisition could also result in such risks. Due diligence performed prior to closing acquisitions may not uncover certain risks or liabilities that could materially impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may not successfully integrate business, operational, and financial activities such as internal controls, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”) compliance, cyber security measures, the GDPR and similar privacy laws and other corporate governance and regulatory matters, operations, personnel or products related to acquisitions we may make in the future. Over the past two years, we have acquired several product lines from Honeywell to enhance the Company’s current offerings in various markets, including communication and navigation product lines and display generators and flight control computers. As the assets acquired from Honeywell are intended to further the Company’s revenue in the retrofit market and are intended to be incorporated into U.S. government contract work, the Company must comply with further regulatory requirements, including heightened security measures, that it may not achieve. If the Company fails to obtain all regulatory approvals required to use the Honeywell assets as intended, the Company may fail to realize the anticipated benefits of these transactions in a timely manner or at all, as it may not be able to generate any revenue in the intended markets.

The success of the Honeywell acquisitions, including anticipated benefits and potential additional revenue opportunities, will depend in part on the Company’s ability to successfully integrate the Honeywell product lines in a manner that results in various benefits, including, among other things, enhancing the Company’s current offerings in the air transport, military and business aviation markets, creating potential cost synergies, accelerating the Company’s growth and enhancing its global reputation.

The ongoing process of integrating the Honeywell assets could result in a loss of key personnel, cause an interruption of, or loss of momentum in, the activities of one or more of the Company’s businesses or inconsistencies in standards, controls, procedures and policies and impair the ability of the Company to maintain relationships with customers and employees. The diversion of management’s attention from other business concerns and any delays or difficulties encountered in connection with the integration of the Honeywell assets could have an adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Additionally, we may incur significant costs and risks in integrating Honeywell product lines, including the risk of additional demands on our resources, systems, procedures and controls. We may also incur significant transaction costs in connection with future acquisitions, including acquisitions that we do not complete for any reason. We are required to expense such transaction costs as incurred, which may have a material adverse impact on our financial results.

The Company’s revenue and operating results may vary significantly from quarter to quarter, which may cause its stock price to decline.

Historically, the Company’s revenue and operating results have varied from quarter to quarter, and may continue to vary, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, and cause our stock price to decline. As such, our historical results of operations should not be relied upon as accurate indications of future performance. As such, our historical 14 Table of Contentsresults of operations should not be relied upon as accurate indications of future performance. Variance in the Company’s revenue may be caused by multiple factors, including:

•demand for products and/or delivery schedule changes by its customers;

•delays in obtaining government approval for new products;

•new product introductions by competitors;

•changes in the Company’s pricing policies or pricing policies of competitors; and

Many of these factors are outside of the Company’s control, and difficult to predict. The unpredictable nature of the Company’s business and results of operations could result in revenue that is lower than anticipated. If we fail to perform as investors or other analysts may have anticipated, our stock price may delice as a result.

Our sales in the commercial aircraft market are subject to downturns affecting the aerospace industry generally.

Sales of our products may be impacted by downturns in the global economy within the industry in which we operate and can adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, in recent years, sales across the commercial OEM sector saw a decline due in large part to the decrease in production by Boeing and Airbus related to reduced demand for commercial air travel because of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Similarly, the operation of an aircraft is inherently subject to various risks, and the technological advances, including those contained in our products and services, may be impacted by safety hazards or accidents. Any mechanical error or adverse external condition may result in death or injury to personnel and passengers, which could impact customer and consumer confidence in the aerospace industry. Reduced confidence in the safety and reliability of the air transportation services industry could lead to a reduction in demand for the Company’s products and services, particularly if such accidents or disasters were due to a safety fault.

The F-16 program comprises a material portion of our revenue and reductions or delays in funding for this program and risks related to performance, schedule, cost and requirements of the program could adversely affect our performance.

The F-16 program, which consists of multiple production and sustainment contracts, is our largest program and represented 36.7% of our total consolidated net sales in 2025. A decision by the U.S. Government, international partners, or FMS customer countries to cut spending on this program or reduce or delay planned orders would have an adverse impact on our business and results of operations. Given the size and complexity of the F-16 program, we anticipate that there will be continual reviews related to aircraft performance, program and delivery schedule, cost and requirements as part of the DoD, Congressional and international countries’ oversight and budgeting processes. Challenges and risks associated with this program include supplier performance, contract approval and receiving

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funding for contracts on a timely basis, the level of cost associated with life cycle operations, sustainment and potential contractual obligations, inflation-related cost pressures, the ability to improve affordability and potential competition from next-generation or other platforms.

We also may not be successful in making hardware upgrades and other modernization capabilities in a timely manner, including as a result of dependencies on suppliers, which could increase costs and create schedule delays. Our ability to capture and retain future F-16 growth in development, production and sustainment is dependent on the success of our efforts to achieve F-16 customer affordability, supply chain improvements, continued reliability improvements and other efficiencies, some of which are outside our control.

Public health events and conditions could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

We face a wide variety of risks related to public health crises, epidemics, pandemics or similar events. If a new health epidemic or outbreak were to occur, we could experience broad and varied effects similar to the impact of COVID-19, including adverse impacts to our workforce and supply chain, inflationary pressures and increased costs, schedule or production delays, market volatility and other financial ramifications. If any of these were to occur, our future results and performance could be adversely impacted.

Due to the inherent nature of our products and the industry in which we operate, a product safety failure or quality issue could seriously harm our business. Due to the inherent nature of our products and the industry in which we operate, a product safety failure or quality issue could seriously harm our business.

There can be no assurance that the complex system designs and components contained in the Company’s products were not designed with, or manufactured containing, errors, omissions, or defects, particularly when the Company incorporates new technologies into its products or when it releases new versions or enhancements of its existing products. Any failure or error in the Company’s products during a flight presents a substantial risk to the operation of the aircraft, as products provide information necessary for a safe and efficient flight, and as a result, a risk to the safety of persons aboard such flights. In the event a defect or error is detected in any of the Company’s products, the Company may be required to issue a recall, face liability in litigation or pay damages, which may result in a delay or loss of revenues, cancellation of customer contracts, damage to the Company’s reputation, and litigation costs.

Additionally, such occurrences could materially impair the production of our products, result in damage to equipment, personal injury or death, and potential legal liability. Although we currently maintain insurance in amounts which we consider adequate, the nature of these risks is such that liabilities might exceed policy limits, the liabilities and hazards might not be insurable, or we may elect in the future not to insure against such liabilities due to high premium costs or other reasons, in which event we could incur significant costs that could have a materially adverse effect upon our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We serve a limited number of customers and face customer concentration risk.

The Company’s revenue is concentrated in a limited number of customers. During the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025 the Company derived 57 % of its revenue from a limited number of customers. The Company continues to expect a relatively small number of customers to account for a majority of its revenue for the foreseeable future. Any disruption in the Company’s business with those customers, whether as a result of changes in demand for the customer’s services, adverse changes in the customer’s industry generally or other challenges in securing or renewing contracts, could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Additionally, much of the Company’s revenue is concentrated in contracts in the retrofit market with the U.S. government (including the DoD, the Department of Interior and the Department of Homeland Security) and foreign governments. Retrofit contracts with the DoD typically are not required to be renewed by the DoD and are terminable by the DoD at their convenience. Contracts with foreign governments may contain similar provisions. There can be no assurance that we will continue to be awarded contracts by the U.S. government or any foreign government, as the market for the Company’s products is highly competitive.

Our customers may terminate their contracts with us at any time which would adversely affect our business.Our customers may terminate their contracts with us at any time.

In general, the Company’s customer contracts typically contain provisions which permit the customer to terminate the agreement for their convenience, at any time. There can be no assurance that any of the Company’s customers will continue their contractual relationship and obligations with the Company, and therefore, we cannot guarantee any future sales. Given the Company’s limited customer concentration, if customers terminate their contracts with the Company without cause, prior to its expiration date, the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations would likely be harmed.

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Changes in U.S. government priorities, spending levels and response to world events could adversely affect the Company’s ability to maintain or grow the revenue the Company receives through government contracting.

A significant portion of the Company’s sales derives from defense contractors or U.S. government agencies in connection with government aircraft retrofit or OEM contracts. The military and defense market is significantly dependent upon government budget trends, particularly the U.S. Department of Defense budget. In addition to normal business risks, our procurement of products and services are subject to unique risks largely beyond our control. U.S. Department of Defense budgets could be negatively impacted by several factors, including, but not limited to, a change in defense spending policy, the U.S. government’s budget deficits, spending priorities (for example, shifting funds to efforts to combat the impact of the pandemic or efforts to assist Ukraine in the Russia and Ukraine conflict), the cost of sustaining the U.S. military presence internationally, possible political pressure to reduce U.S. government military spending and the ability of the U.S. government to enact appropriations bills and other relevant legislation. The impact of any such reductions in defense appropriations and/or reductions in U.S. defense spending could result in delays in procurement of products and services due to lack of funding and negatively impact the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

Defense spending may also be reduced as a result of the change in presidential administration, and other political factors affecting the U.S. government such as budget deficits, spending priorities (such as, pandemics or emerging conflicts), pressures related to the cost of sustaining the U.S. military presence internationally and reducing U.S. military presence generally, and the ability of the government to efficiently enact appropriations bills and other relevant legislation. While we are unable to precisely predict what actions the new administration will take, President-elect Donald Trump has indicated that his administration will treat national security much differently that the current and previous presidential administrations. While difficult to predict, the new administration’s policies to reduce U.S. military presence and foreign military aid could result in a decrease in defense spending, and negatively impact the Company’s revenue in the retrofit market.

Additionally, U.S. government contracts are funded by agency budgets that operate on a fiscal year basis. As a result, government contracts are often not fully funded at inception. The remaining funds are only made available as appropriated by Congress over time, and thus subject to delay. Further, congressional appropriation and presidential approval are required for funding the governmental agencies with which we contract. In the past few years, the government has not been able to complete its budget process before the end of its fiscal year, resulting in government shutdowns, as well as insufficient funding for government agencies. For example, in October 2025, the U.S. federal government shut down for 43 days. We anticipate the federal budget, debt ceiling, regulatory environment and potential tax reform will continue to be subject to debate and compromise shaped by, among other things, the current administration and Congress, heightened political tensions, the global security environment, inflationary pressures and macroeconomic conditions. Additionally, the administration continues to take steps to evaluate government-wide and defense-specific staffing and procurement, which includes assessing mission priorities, procurement methods, program performance and other factors and then potentially taking action based on those assessments. In particular, the administration has issued executive orders aimed at deregulating the Department of Defense’s procurement process to achieve a more efficient and nimble procurement process. If the Company and its products are unable to successfully compete with its competitors in any reformed procurement environment, or if the administration’s efforts result in the Company facing a disadvantage in contracting decisions due to its size, history, product mix or any other factor, such reforms could result in impacts to both our current and future business prospects and financial performance. As a result, our sales revenue in the retrofit market are vulnerable to both delays in funding and reductions in spending. If our government contracts are not fully funded, or significant programs or contracts with the U.S. government are terminated, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be substantially adversely affected.

Geopolitical factors and changes in policies and regulations could adversely affect our business.

Our international sales and operations are sensitive to changes in foreign national priorities, foreign government budgets, and regional and local political and economic factors, including volatility in energy prices or supply, political or civil unrest, changes in threat environments and political relations, military conflicts, geopolitical uncertainties, and changes in U.S. foreign policy. Our international sales and operations are also sensitive to changes in foreign government laws, regulations and policies, including those related to tariffs, sanctions, embargoes, export and import controls and other trade restrictions. Events such as increased trade restrictions or retaliatory trade policies, renegotiation of existing trade agreements, or regime change can affect demand for our products and services, the competitive position of our products, our supply chain, and our ability to manufacture or sell products in certain countries. Events such as increased trade 16 Table of Contentsrestrictions or retaliatory trade policies, renegotiation of existing trade agreements, or regime change can affect demand for our products and services, the competitive position of our products, our supply chain, and our ability to manufacture or sell products in certain countries. Further, operations in emerging market countries are subject to additional risks, including volatility in gross domestic product and rates of economic growth, government instability, cultural differences (such as employment and business practices), the imposition of exchange and capital controls, and risks associated with exporting components manufactured in those countries for incorporation into finished products completed in other countries. While these factors and their impact are difficult to

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predict, any one or more of them could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, results of operations, financial condition or liquidity.

In addition, given the role of our defense businesses in the support of the national security interests of the U. S. and its allies, we are subject to risks and uncertainties relating to policies of the U.S. and its allies, as well as other countries, including those that are or become regarded as potential adversaries or threats. We engage in both direct commercial sales, which generally require U.S. government licenses and approvals, as well as foreign military sales, which are government-to-government transactions initiated by, and carried out at the direction of, the U.S. government. Changes in budgets and spending levels, policies, or priorities, which are subject to geopolitical risks and threats, may impact our defense businesses, including the timing of and delays in U.S. government licenses and approvals for sales, the risk of sanctions or other restrictions, as well as potential human rights issues associated with the use of our defense products. These risks and uncertainties may directly or indirectly impact our commercial businesses as well.

Government contracts are subject to special risks as a result of the U.S. government’s audit practices.

Our contracts with the U.S. government require us to comply with extensive laws and regulations in the performance of such contracts. The U.S. government regularly investigates and audits its suppliers’ compliance with applicable regulations and performance under the relevant government contracts.

If a government inquiry or investigation uncovers improper or illegal activities by us, our employees, or others working on our behalf, we could be subject to civil or criminal penalties or administrative sanctions, including contract termination, revocation of required security clearances, fines, forfeiture of fees, suspension of payment and suspension or debarment from doing business with U.S. government agencies, any of which could materially adversely impact our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, ensuring we are fully compliant with new and existing government regulations could increase our costs, reduce our margins and adversely affect our competitiveness. Furthermore, our contractual obligations with the U.S. government include certain classified information, which imposes security requirements that limit our ability to discuss our performance on these contracts, including any specific risks, disputes and claims.

The Company could be subjected to unanticipated losses in the event that the Company suffers cost overruns or contractual penalties in connection with fixed-price contracts or service arrangements to perform specified design and EDC services.The Company could be subjected to losses in the event that the Company suffers cost overruns or contractual penalties in connection with fixed-price contracts or service arrangements to perform specified design and EDC services.

During the fiscal year ended September 30, 2025, approximately 7% percent of the Company’s total sales were derived from fixed-price EDC arrangements with customers to perform specified design and EDC services related to its products. These arrangements allow the Company to benefit by recovering some of its product development costs, but it carries the risk of potential cost overruns. If the Company’s initial cost estimates are incorrect, it can incur one-time charges that may be quite high and losses on these contracts. These EDC arrangements can expose the Company to potential losses because the customer may compel the Company to complete a project or, in the event of a termination for default, pay the incremental cost of its replacement by another provider. Because some of these projects involve new technologies and applications, and can last for more than a year, unforeseen events such as technological difficulties, fluctuations in the price of raw materials, problems with subcontractors, and cost overruns can result in the contractual price becoming less favorable or even unprofitable to the Company over time. Furthermore, if the Company does not meet project deadlines or if its products do not meet customer specifications, it may need to renegotiate contracts on less favorable terms, be forced to pay penalties or liquidated damages, or suffer losses if the customer exercises its right to terminate its agreement early. The Company’s results of operations are dependent on its ability to maximize earnings from the EDC service arrangements. Similarly, if the Company is unable to meet deadlines and customer specifications, its reputation in the industry may suffer harm, which may have a negative impact on the Company’s ability to retain its current customers and attract new customers. Lower earnings caused by cost overruns could furthermore have a negative impact on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

The Company relies on third-party suppliers for components of its products, including several sole source suppliers, and any interruption in the supply of these components could hinder its ability to deliver products on a timely basis.

The Company’s manufacturing process consists primarily of assembling components purchased from its supply chain. Further, there are a limited amount of suppliers that are able to produce certain components. Several of our suppliers are sole source suppliers. If we lose a significant or sole source supplier, or our key suppliers’ businesses fail, our ability to purchase components at all (in the case of sole source suppliers) or in sufficient quantities and on commercially reasonable terms would be seriously harmed as it may take a long time, and involve significant costs, to identify and qualify a sufficient alternative supplier.

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If the Company is unable to maintain relationships with key third-party suppliers, the development and distribution of its products could be delayed until equivalent components can be obtained and integrated into the products. In addition, substitution of certain components from other manufacturers may require product redesign or FAA, EASA or other approvals, which could delay the Company’s ability to ship products, and any increase in component costs, including the costs of any necessary raw materials, in the Company’s supply chain could adversely affect the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

The impacts of global supply chain and labor market disruptions on our supply chain have negatively affected and will continue to negatively affect our business.

Our performance requires a variety of raw materials, supplier-provided parts, components, sub-systems and contract manufacturing services, and we rely on U.S. and non-U.S. suppliers (including third-party manufacturing suppliers, subcontractors and service providers) and commodity markets for these materials and services. In some instances, we depend upon a single source of supply, manufacturing, services support or assembly, or participate in commodity markets that may be subject to allocations of limited supplies by suppliers. In addition, our defense businesses are subject to specific procurement requirements that limit the types of materials they use. Our defense businesses also must require suppliers to comply with various DoD requirements, including cybersecurity requirements, any of which requirements may further limit the suppliers and subcontractors they may utilize. Identifying and qualifying second- or third- source suppliers can be difficult, time-consuming and may result in increased costs. Additionally, an open conflict or war across any region, including, but not limited to, the conflicts in Ukraine and Israel, could affect our ability to obtain raw materials.

In addition, global supply chain and labor markets are continuing to experience high levels of disruption, causing significant materials and parts shortages, as well as delivery delays, labor shortages, distribution issues, energy cost increases and price increases. Current geopolitical conditions, including sanctions and other trade restrictive activities and strained intercountry relations, are contributing to these issues. Certain of our suppliers and subcontractors have been unable to hire and retain sufficient qualified personnel for their performance. We and our suppliers and subcontractors have also experienced difficulties in procuring necessary raw materials and components, including microelectronics. All of the above have contributed to price increases. These issues have led to significant supplier and subcontractor performance failures and delays. As a result of these various problems, we have had difficulties receiving necessary materials, components, other supplies and third-party services timely or at all, which have negatively impacted production flow in our factories, hindered our ability to perform on our commitments to customers and negatively affected our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. Our supply costs have increased due to the above factors. Continuing high inflation has exacerbated these increases and increased our operating costs.

Additionally, an open conflict or war across any region, including, but not limited to, the conflicts in Ukraine and Israel, could affect our ability to obtain raw materials.

The timing of the impacts of these supply chain risks and issues and our ability to mitigate them are uncertain and difficult to predict.18 Table of ContentsThe timing of the impacts of these supply chain risks and issues and our ability to mitigate them are uncertain and difficult to predict. However, we expect the current supply chain, labor availability and price issues, and their negative impacts on our business, to continue. In particular, we expect to experience prolonged delays for certain critical component parts and sub-systems. Furthermore, the existing supply chain and labor market issues could be compounded by other events, such as an economic downturn; supplier capacity constraints for other reasons; supplier quality issues (for example, defects or fraudulent parts); supplier closing, bankruptcy or financial difficulties; price increases for various reasons; worsening shortages of raw materials or commodities; and energy supply constraints, including as a result of war or other geopolitical actions, natural disaster (including the effects of climate change), health pandemic or other business continuity events, or transport and distribution issues, any of which could further negatively impact our ability to meet our commitments to customers or increase our operating costs and therefore incrementally affect our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.

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Our subcontractors and third-party suppliers may fail to deliver high quality materials, products or services, which may result in a failure of our products or services and a violation of applicable law.

The suppliers the Company depends on may not be able to timely deliver a sufficient number of components on that are of a reliable quality on commercially reasonable terms. We also depend on our key third-party suppliers to provide materials that comply with our specifications. If any products or materials that are provided by our suppliers do not comply with our specifications, and we do not discover such noncompliance until after those parts are installed and as a result the products fails, the Company would be harmed, potentially resulting in a loss of its ISO 9001 and AS9100D certifications, loss of customers, harm to reputation, product recalls and liability for any other harm caused. Such failures could delay or stop our production, result in possible lost sales and seriously threaten our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Similarly, as we continue to acquire new product lines and expand the scope of our business, we require an increasing level of support from subcontractors. We are liable for the work of our subcontractors under each applicable agreement pursuant to which subcontractors assist. If our subcontractors violate the provisions of any applicable contract, or violate applicable laws or regulations, our relationship with such customer will be negatively impacted, and could result in a customer terminating our contract for default. A termination for default could expose us to liability, including liability for the costs of re-procurement, damage our reputation and impair our ability to compete for future contracts.

Our competitors have greater resources and experience than us, and if we are not able to compete, our business, financial condition and results of operations will be substantially adversely affected.

The markets for the Company’s products are intensely competitive and subject to rapid technological change. Our primary competitors include Honeywell, Collins Aerospace, Thales Defense & Security, Inc., Garmin Ltd. and GE Aviation Systems. All of these competitors have substantially greater financial, technical, and human capital resources than the Company. In addition, these competitors have much greater experience in, and resources for, marketing their products. As a result, the Company’s competitors may be able to respond more quickly to new or emerging technologies and customer preferences, or to devote greater resources to development, promotion and sale of their products than the Company. The Company’s competitors may have greater name recognition and more extensive customer bases. Such competition could result in price reductions, fewer customer orders, reduced gross margins, and loss of market share.

The Company depends on key personnel to manage its business effectively, and an inability to attract and retain key employees and plan for management succession could adversely impact the Company’s ability to compete.The Company depends on key personnel to manage its business effectively, and an inability to retain its key employees and plan for management succession could adversely impact the Company’s ability to compete.

The Company’s success depends on the efforts, abilities, and expertise of its senior management and other key personnel. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to attract or retain such employees, and the loss of important personnel could damage its ability to execute its business strategy. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to retain such employees, and the loss of important personnel could damage its ability to execute its business strategy. Competition for skilled personnel is intense, and the Company may not be able to attract or retain additional qualified employees.

In addition, our ability to execute our growth strategy is dependent upon our ability to retain our Chief Executive Officer, Shahram Askarpour. Mr. Askarpour’s skills and expertise are important to the Company’s ability to expand its operations into different markets and further its acquisition strategy. However, there is much competition in the aerospace market for qualified executives such as Mr. Askarpour. If we are unable to retain integral members of our executive team, our competitive position in the market, relationships with potential partners, and our ability to execute our strategic business plan may be adversely affected.

The Company’s future success will depend in part on its ability to implement and improve its operational, administrative and financial systems and controls and to manage, train and expand its employee base.19 Table of ContentsThe Company’s future success will depend in part on its ability to implement and improve its operational, administrative and financial systems and controls and to manage, train and expand its employee base. The Company cannot provide assurance that current and planned personnel levels, systems, procedures and controls will be adequate to support its current and future customer base. In such a circumstance, the Company may not be able to fully capitalize on existing and potential market opportunities. Similarly, the Company plans to further enhance in sales and distribution capabilities in the retrofit markets. It will be expensive and time consuming for the Company to hire a larger sales force for government and defense sales, and it may not be successful in finding appropriately qualified candidates that are able to implement the Company’s strategy.

Any delays or difficulties encountered in maintaining a sufficient workforce could impair the Company’s ability to attract new customers or maintain its relationships with existing customers. In addition, effective succession planning is important to our long-term success. Failure to ensure effective transfers of knowledge and smooth transitions involving senior management and other key personnel could hinder the execution of our strategic planning.

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We self-insure a significant portion of our employee medical insurance program, which may expose us to unpredictable costs and negatively affect our financial performance.

We self-insure a significant portion of our employee medical insurance program and related benefit claims. The estimated liability for the self-funded portion of our insurance program is determined actuarially, based on claims filed historically, demographic factors and an estimate of claims incurred but not yet reported. Unanticipated changes in any applicable actuarial assumptions or management estimates underlying our recorded liabilities for these losses could result in materially different amounts of expense than expected under these programs, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the premiums for this coverage could increase in the future, or we could be forced to raise our self-insured retention amounts. If these expenses increase, or if we experience a claim in excess of our reserve and/or coverage limits, it could also have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The Company has limited experience in marketing and distributing its products internationally, which may limit the Company’s ability to penetrate international markets and increase international sales.The Company has limited experience in marketing and distributing its products internationally.

The Company plans to derive increasing revenues from sales outside the U.S., particularly in Europe and Asia. Risks inherent in doing business internationally include:

•differing regulatory requirements;

•tariffs, trade and investment barriers, and other regulatory barriers;

•uncertainty of protection of our intellectual property rights;

•heightened risk of unfair or corrupt business practices in certain locations;

•political and economic instability, including changes in government budgets and wars, such as the wars in the Ukraine and Israel;

•changes in diplomatic and trade relationships;

•the impact of recessions in economies outside the U.S.; and

•variances and unexpected changes in local laws and regulations.

Currently, all of the Company’s international sales are denominated in U.S. dollars. An increase in the dollar’s value compared to other currencies could render the Company’s products less competitive in international markets. In the future, the Company may be required to conduct sales in foreign countries local currencies, thus exposing it to fluctuations and volatility in exchange rates that could adversely affect its operating results. In the future, the Company may be required to conduct sales in foreign country’s local currency, thus exposing it to fluctuations and volatility in exchange rates that could adversely affect its operating results. Further, as we pursue customers in Asia and other less developed markets throughout the world, our potential inability to ensure the creditworthiness of counterparties could impose additional risks and affect our overall profitability. Emerging market operations, in particular, can present many risks, including volatility in gross domestic product, economic and government instability, and the imposition of exchange controls and capital controls. Emerging market operations in particular can present many risks, including volatility in gross domestic product, economic and government instability, and the imposition of exchange controls and capital controls. We must also hire and train qualified personnel to manage our foreign operations. We may experience difficulties in recruiting, training, managing, and retaining an international staff, specifically sales management and sales personnel, which may impact sales productivity in foreign markets. We may experience difficulties in recruiting, training, managing, and retaining an international staff, and specifically staff related to sales management and sales personnel, which may impact in sales productivity in foreign markets.

These factors and their impact are difficult to predict, and any one or more of them could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Risks Related to Intellectual Property, Privacy, Cybersecurity, and Technical Infrastructure

Our intellectual property rights are important to our operations, and we could suffer loss if they infringe upon others’ rights or are infringed upon by others.

We rely on a combination of patents, and trade secrets, confidentiality provisions and licensing arrangements to establish and protect our proprietary rights. To this end, as of September 30, 2025, the Company holds 46 U.S. patents and has 17 trademarks. In addition, the Company holds 125 international patents. The Company’s success and ability to compete will depend in part on its ability to obtain and maintain patent or other protection for its technology and products, both in the U.S. and internationally. The value of our products relies substantially on our technical innovation in fields in which there are many patent filings. However, there is no guarantee that our patent applications will become issued patents. Moreover, even if approved, our patents may thereafter be successfully challenged by others or otherwise become invalidated for a variety of reasons. Thus, any patents we currently have or may later acquire may not provide us a significant competitive advantage. If our products are not protected by patents, our technology may be rendered obsolete by competitors that may develop similar technology using our ideas and our technology, which will seriously harm our ability to generate sales revenue.

Additionally, patent protection related litigation is time consuming and expensive. The Company has incurred, and may continue to incur, significant legal and other costs in defense of its intellectual property. Further, if a successful claim of patent infringement were made against the Company, and if the Company were unable to develop non-infringing technology, or to license the infringed or similar technology on a timely and cost-effective basis, the Company may lose entire product lines, and as a result, incur substantial losses in revenue, and incur substantial costs in development new, non-infringing technology. Additionally, if the Company is found to have infringed upon the intellectual property rights of a third-party, reputational harm to the Company would likely occur, and harm the Company’s ability to license its technology, or license technology from others.

Certain of our products incorporate and rely upon licensed third-party technology.

As part of our growth strategy, we have obtained licenses to third-party technology to improve our products. We may be required to renegotiate our currently licensed technology in the future and may seek to license additional technology from other third parties to enhance our products and position in the market. However, there is no guarantee that third-party licenses will be available to us, or continue to be made available to us, on terms acceptable and beneficial to the Company. If we are unable to maintain our current licenses or obtain additional licenses to further improve our products, we may be required to develop lower quality and less innovative products and as a result, our business, financial condition and results of operations may suffer.

A cyber security incident or other technology disruption could have a negative impact on our business.

We face certain security threats and technology disruptions, including threats to our information technology (“IT”) infrastructure, attempts to gain access to our or our customers’ proprietary or classified information, threats of terrorism, and failures of our technology tools and systems. Our IT networks and related systems are critical to the operation of our business and essential to our ability to successfully perform day-to-day operations. We are also involved with IT systems for certain customers and other third parties, for which we face similar security threats as for our own, including, in particular, the DoD. Cybersecurity threats—which include, but are not limited to, computer viruses, ransomware, break-ins, sabotage, spyware, other malware, attempts to access information, denial of service attacks and other electronic security breaches—are persistent and evolve quickly. In general, such threats have increased in frequency, scope and potential impact in recent years. In general, such threats have increased in 21 Table of Contentsfrequency, scope and potential impact in recent years. Further, a variety of technological tools and systems, including both company-owned IT and technological services provided by outside parties, support our critical functions. These technologies, as well as our products, are subject to failure and the user’s inability to have such technologies properly supported, updated, expanded or integrated into other technologies and, in certain cases, may contain open source and third-party software which may unbeknownst to us contain defects or viruses that pose unintended risks. These risks could materially harm our business or reputation.

Threat actors (such as ransomware groups) are becoming increasingly sophisticated and using tools and techniques that are designed to circumvent security controls, to evade detection and to remove or obfuscate forensic evidence. Our and our customers, suppliers and other third-parties’ technology systems and networks may be damaged, disrupted, or compromised by malicious events, such as cyberattacks (including computer viruses, ransomware, and other malicious and destructive code, phishing attacks, and denial of service attacks), physical or electronic security breaches, natural disasters, fire, power loss, terrorism, war, telecommunications and electrical failures, hacking, cyberattacks, phishing attacks and other social engineering schemes, employee theft or misuse, human error, fraud, denial or degradation of service attacks, sophisticated nation-state and nation-state-supported actors or unauthorized

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access or use by persons inside our organization, or persons with access to systems inside our organization. Such attacks or security breaches may be perpetrated by internal bad actors, such as employees or contractors, or by third parties. Furthermore, because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access or sabotage systems change frequently and generally are not identified until after they are launched against a target, we and our customers, suppliers and other third parties may be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventative measures.

While we have implemented what we believe is an appropriate information security program with cybersecurity procedures, practices, and controls, the control systems, cybersecurity program, infrastructure, physical facilities of, and personnel associated with the third parties that we rely on are beyond our control and we cannot guarantee that our or our customers’, suppliers’ and other third parties’ systems and networks have not been breached or that they do not contain exploitable defects or bugs that could result in a breach of or disruption to our systems and networks or the systems and networks of third parties that support us and our products and services. In addition, there can be no assurance that actions we have taken to implement appropriate measures and controls will be sufficient to prevent disruptions to critical systems, unauthorized release of confidential information or corruption of data. We may also experience security breaches that may remain undetected for an extended period. Even if identified, we may be unable to adequately investigate or remediate incidents or breaches due to attackers increasingly using tools and techniques that are designed to circumvent controls, to avoid detection, and to remove or obfuscate forensic evidence. The security measures we have implemented may become subject to third-party security breaches, employee error, malfeasance, faulty password management or other irregularities. For example, third parties may attempt to fraudulently induce employees or customers into disclosing user names, passwords or other sensitive information, which may in turn be used to access our IT systems. In the past, we have experienced immaterial breaches of our IT systems, which we have sought to address through upgrades to our IT security systems. However, these security systems cannot provide absolute security. To the extent we were to experience a breach of our systems and were unable to protect sensitive data, such a breach could materially damage business partner and customer relationships and curtail or otherwise impact the use of our IT systems. Moreover, if a security breach of our IT systems affects our computer systems or results in the release of personally identifiable or other sensitive information of customers, business partners, employees and other third parties, our reputation and brand could be materially damaged, use of our products and services could decrease, and we could be exposed to a risk of loss, litigation and potential liability. Further, as cyber threats continue to evolve, the Company may be required to expend significant resources to continue to modify or enhance its protective measures or to investigate and remediate any security vulnerabilities. Additionally, the continuing and evolving threat of cybersecurity attacks has resulted in evolving legal and compliance matters, including increased regulatory focus on prevention, which could require the Company to expend significant additional resources to meet such requirements, which as a result may also harm the Company’s reputation.

Any such cybersecurity event could require significant management attention and resources, negatively impact our reputation among our customers and the public and challenge our eligibility for future work on sensitive or classified systems, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Legal and Regulatory Risks

The Company is subject to various laws and regulations. Changes to, or failure by the Company to comply with, these laws and regulations could have a significant negative impact on the Company’s business and operations.

The aerospace industry is highly regulated by the U.S. government as well as other international agencies. The Company is subject to, and must comply with, various laws and regulations, including, but not limited to, the product-related and other regulations of the FAA and the EASA, U.S. government procurement regulations, the rules and regulations of the SEC, and local, state, federal, and international tax codes, import and export controls and customs laws, employment and employment-related laws, environmental laws, intellectual property laws, and consumer protection statutes. Although the Company has obtained approvals to install its products from most foreign civil aviation authorities, including the European Union, United Kingdom and China, which require the Company to comply with applicable aviation laws in such foreign jurisdictions, there can be no assurance that the Company will be able to maintain such approvals in the future.

Failure to comply with all applicable laws could result in investigation and remediation costs to the Company and could adversely impact the business, financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Failure to comply with applicable regulations could also result in significant fines. In addition, new or more stringent governmental regulations may be adopted in the future, which may require us to incur significant expenses to become compliant with new regulations in a timely manner.

In the performance of our contracts with the U.S. government, we operate in a highly regulated environment, and we are subject to routine audits and reviews by the U.S. government and its agencies, such as the Defense Contract Audit Agency (“DCCA”). These

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agencies routinely review contract performance and compliance with applicable laws, regulations and standards. Systems that are subject to review include, but are not limited to, cybersecurity systems, accounting systems, and purchasing systems. Our supply chain is also subject to some of the same government contractual obligations. The U.S. government may, if it deems appropriate conduct an investigation into possible illegal or unethical activity in connection with these contracts. Investigations of this nature are common in the defense industry, and lawsuits may result.

Exports and imports of certain of our products are subject to various export control, sanctions and import regulations and may require authorization from regulatory agencies of the U.S. or other countries.

We must comply with various laws and regulations relating to the export and import of products, services and technology from and into the U.S. and other countries having jurisdiction over our operations. In the U.S., these laws and regulations include, among others, the Export Administration Regulations (EAR) administered by the U.S. Department of Commerce, the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) administered by the U.S. Department of State, embargoes and sanctions regulations administered by the U.S. Department of the Treasury, and import regulations administered by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and the U.S. Department of Justice. Certain of our products, services and technologies have military or strategic applications and are on the U.S. Munitions List of the ITAR, the Commerce Control List of the EAR or are otherwise subject to the EAR, and/or the U.S. Munitions Import List and we are required to obtain licenses and authorizations from the appropriate U.S. government agencies before selling these products outside of the U.S. or importing these products into the U.S. U.S. foreign policy or foreign policy of other licensing jurisdictions may affect the licensing process or otherwise prevent us from engaging in business dealings with certain individuals, entities or countries. Any failure by us, our customers or our suppliers to comply with these laws and regulations could result in civil or criminal penalties, fines, seizure of our products, adverse publicity, restrictions on our ability to export or import our products, or the suspension or debarment from doing business with the U.S. government. Moreover, any changes in export control, sanctions or import regulations may further restrict the export or import of our products or services, and the possibility of such changes requires constant monitoring to ensure we remain compliant. Our ability to obtain required licenses and authorizations on a timely basis or at all is subject to risks and uncertainties, including changing U.S. government laws, regulations or foreign policies, delays in Congressional action, or geopolitical and other factors. If we are not successful in obtaining or maintaining the necessary licenses or authorizations in a timely manner, our sales relating to those approvals may be prevented or delayed, and revenue and profit previously recognized may be reversed. Any restrictions on the export or import of our products or product lines could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Litigation with customers, employees and others could harm our reputation and impact operating results.

In the ordinary course of business, we may be involved in lawsuits and regulatory actions with customers, employees and others. These actions may involve claims for, among other things, compensation for alleged personal injury and product liability claims. Additionally, we may be subject to employment-related claims alleging discrimination, harassment, wrongful termination and wage issues, including those relating to overtime compensation. We are susceptible to claims filed by customers alleging responsibility for breaches of contract or from product defects, and we are also subject to lawsuits filed by patent holders alleging patent infringement. These types of claims, as well as other types of lawsuits to which we are subject from time to time, can distract management’s attention from core business operations and impact operating results, particularly if a lawsuit results in an unfavorable outcome, or could harm the Company’s reputation with customers, employees, investors and others.

Tax changes could affect the Company’s effective tax rate and future profitability.

The Company’s future results could be negatively affected by changes in the effective tax rate due to changes in the Company’s overall profitability, changes to statutory tax rates in the U.S. and in other jurisdictions, changes in tax legislation, and the results of audits and examinations of previously filed tax returns. In addition, adverse changes in the underlying profitability and financial outlook of our operations or future changes in tax law could lead to changes in the value of tax assets or liabilities that we currently or in the future may hold, which could materially affect our results of operations. Further, the nature and impact of any future changes to tax law, and the resulting impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations, are uncertain.

Tariffs and other trade policies could have a substantial impact on our business.

The Company’s business is dependent upon the availability of raw materials and components for assembly. U.S. relations with the rest of the world remains uncertain with respect to taxes, trade policies and tariffs, especially as the political landscape changes due to the recent U.S. presidential and congressional elections. Changes in U.S. administrative policy may lead to significant increases in tariffs for imported goods among other possible changes. President-elect Donald Trump has indicated that his administration is likely to

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impose significant tariffs on imported goods. The imposition of such tariffs may strain international trade relations and increase the risk that foreign governments implement retaliatory tariffs on goods imported from the United States. Similarly, interest rates may continue to rise and create further uncertainty and volatility in the market which would negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the potential exists that other countries may impose retaliatory tariffs, which could adversely affect the Company’s sales to those countries.

These political and economic changes could have a material effect on global economic conditions and the stability of financial markets and could significantly reduce global trade. In addition to potential increases on tariffs, wars or conflicts could affect our ability to obtain raw materials. Ongoing and future conflicts and other geopolitical events may result in sanctions or other export controls imposed by the U.S. or United Nations.

As the Company plans to increase its sales in international markets, any such international instability and reduction in global trade could negatively impact the Company’s expansion plans and international sales. Such risks may also affect our customers’ budgets and their policies which may adversely affect our sales revenue.

If the Company fails to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, it may not be able to accurately report its financial condition, results of operations or cash flows, which may adversely affect investor confidence in the Company and, as a result, the value of the Company’s common stock.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that the Company maintain effective internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures. Under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Company is required to furnish a report by management on, among other things, the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. This assessment must include disclosure of any material weaknesses identified by management in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is a control deficiency, or combination of control deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting that results in more than a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Although the Company is not currently required to provide an attestation from its auditors on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting, it may become subject to such requirement in the future.

The Company’s compliance with Section 404 requires that it compile the system and process documentation necessary to perform an appropriate evaluation. During the evaluation and testing process, if the Company identifies one or more material weaknesses in its internal control over financial reporting, it will be unable to assert that its internal control over financial reporting is effective. The Company cannot assure you that there will not be material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in its internal control over financial reporting in the future. Any failure to maintain internal control over financial reporting could severely inhibit the Company’s ability to accurately report its financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. If the Company is unable to conclude that its internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if its independent registered public accounting firm determines the Company has a material weakness or significant deficiency in its internal control over financial reporting once that firm begin its reviews, the Company could lose investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of its financial reports, the market price of its common stock could decline, and it could be subject to sanctions or investigations by Nasdaq, the SEC or other regulatory authorities. Failure to remedy any material weakness in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting, or to implement or maintain other effective control systems required of public companies, could also restrict the Company’s future access to the capital markets.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock, Capital Markets and Indebtedness

Our common stock may be affected by limited trading volume and may fluctuate significantly.

Our common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market. Although an active trading market has developed for our common stock, there can be no assurance that an active trading market for our common stock will be sustained. Failure to maintain an active trading market for our common stock may adversely affect our shareholders’ ability to sell our common stock in short time periods, or at all. Our common stock has experienced, and may experience in the future, significant price and volume fluctuations, which could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

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Our common stock has experienced and may continue to experience significant price fluctuations, which could cause you to lose a significant portion of your investment and interfere with our efforts to grow our business.

Stock markets are subject to significant price fluctuations that may be unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies, and accordingly the market price of our common stock may change frequently and by large margins. In addition, the market price of our common stock has fluctuated and may continue to fluctuate substantially due to a variety of other factors. Possible exogenous incidents and trends may also impact the capital markets generally and our common stock prices specifically. For example, the war in the Middle East and the war between Russia and Ukraine and resulting economic sanctions imposed by many countries on Russia have led to disruption, instability and volatility in the U.S. and global markets and industries and are expected to have a negative impact on the U.S. and broader global economies. The timing of your purchase and sale of our common stock relative to fluctuations in its trading price may result in you losing a significant portion of your investment.

Because we do not intend to declare cash dividends on our shares of common stock in the foreseeable future, shareholders must rely on appreciation of the value of our common stock for any return on their investment.

We currently anticipate that we will retain future earnings for the development, operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. In addition, the terms of any future debt agreements may preclude us from paying dividends. As a result, we expect that only appreciation of the price of our common stock, if any, will provide a return to investors in this offering for the foreseeable future.

Volatility and weakness in capital markets may adversely affect credit availability and related financing costs, which could adversely affect the Company.

Bank and capital markets can experience periods of volatility and disruption which may adversely affect our ability to access the capital markets as needed. The general economic conditions in the U.S. and abroad is uncertain and historically has been negative. There can be no assurance that market conditions will improve.

Further, companies in the transportation industry and sales in the commercial airline markets historically have been negatively impacted by poor economic conditions. In the past, these sales have been affected by airline profitability, which is impacted by, among other things, fuel and labor costs, price competition, interest rates, downturns in the global economy and national and international events.

Furthermore, because of the lengthy research and development cycle involved in bringing new products to market, we cannot predict the economic conditions that will exist when a new product is introduced. A reduction in capital spending in the aviation or defense industries could have a significant effect on the demand for our products, which could have an adverse effect on our financial performance or results of operations.

During these periods of volatility and disruption, additional risks to the Company include:

•reprioritization of government spending away from defense programs in which the Company participates;

•reduced access to credit sources and ability to raise capital; and

•disruptions in supplies or increased supply prices associated with any financial constraints faced by vendors.

Such volatility in the market may also negatively impact our customers and suppliers’ ability to raise capital or obtain credit to continue operating. Such conditions may negatively impact the demand and production of our products, which can adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

There are risks associated with our outstanding and future indebtedness.

The Company has indebtedness pursuant to loan agreements and lines of credit with JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. and may pursue additional sources of credit or borrowed money in the future under these existing credit facilities and/or enter into new financing

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arrangements. We may fail to pay these or additional future obligations, as and when required. Specifically, if we are unable to generate sufficient cash flows from operations or borrow sufficient funds in the future to service or refinance our debt, our business, financial condition and results of operations will be harmed. Any downgrades from credit rating agencies such as Moody’s Investors Service or Standard & Poor’s Rating Services may adversely impact our ability to obtain additional financing or the terms of such financing and reduce the market capacity for our commercial paper. Furthermore, if prevailing interest rates or other factors result in higher interest rates upon any potential future financing, then interest expense related to the refinance indebtedness would increase.

In addition, all the agreements governing our indebtedness subject us to continued compliance with certain financial and negative covenants. A breach of any of our covenants under our operative agreements could result in a default under such an agreement. If any such default occurs, we may be required to refinance all or part of our debt, sell strategic assets at unfavorable prices, incur additional indebtedness or issue common stock or other equity securities. Additionally, if we default under our secured loan agreements, the lenders thereunder will have a right to proceed against the collateral granted to them to secure the debt, which includes available cash. In such a circumstance, we may not have sufficient assets to repay our debt in full. We may also not be able to, at any given time, refinance our debt, sell assets, incur additional indebtedness or issue equity securities on terms acceptable to us, in amounts sufficient to meet our needs. If we are able to raise additional funds through the issuance of equity securities, such issuance would also result in dilution to our shareholders. Our inability to service our obligations or refinance our debt could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

None

Item 1C. Cybersecurity.

The Company’s management supervises efforts to prevent, detect, mitigate, and remediate cybersecurity risks and incidents through various means, which may include briefings from internal security personnel; threat intelligence and other information obtained from governmental, public or private sources, including external consultants engaged by it; and alerts and reports produced by security tools deployed in the IT environment.

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