Risk Factors Dashboard

Once a year, publicly traded companies issue a comprehensive report of their business, called a 10-K. A component mandated in the 10-K is the ‘Risk Factors’ section, where companies disclose any major potential risks that they may face. This dashboard highlights all major changes and additions in new 10K reports, allowing investors to quickly identify new potential risks and opportunities.

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Risk Factors - CMBMF

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$CMBMF Risk Factor changes from 00/04/06/26/2026 to 00/05/01/26/2026

Item 1A. Risk Factors,” including the risk factor entitled “New regulations or standards or changes in existing regulations or standards in the United States or internationally related to our products may result in unanticipated costs or liabilities, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and future sales,” and “If we fail to comply with environmental requirements, our business, financial condition, operating results and reputation could be adversely affected”.Environmental mattersWe are subject to various environmental and other regulations governing product safety, materials usage, packaging and other environmental impacts in the United States and in various countries where our products are manufactured and sold. We are also subject to regulatory developments, including SEC disclosure regulations relating to "conflict minerals," relating to ethically responsible sourcing of the components and materials used in our products, as well as potential disclosures relating to environmental, social and governance issues (ESG). To date, compliance with federal, state, local, and foreign laws enacted for the protection of the environment has not had a material effect on our capital expenditures, earnings, or competitive position.We maintain compliance with various regulations related to the environment, including the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment and the Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment regulations adopted 15 by the European Union. To date, our compliance efforts with various United States and foreign regulations related to the environment has not had a material effect on our operating results.Human capital managementWe pride ourselves on developing and maintaining a strong reputation for innovation and integrity and conduct our business affairs honestly and in an ethical manner. We expect our corporate culture to embody trust and respect for individuals, teamwork and innovation; to be a place where employees are proud to work, and where customers, suppliers and partners want to work with us. We are guided by our core values of growth and profitability; outstanding global teamwork; relentless innovation and edge; making and meeting commitments; respecting and developing our people; and serving our community. Equal employmentAt Cambium Networks, we seek to maintain an environment that is open and inclusive, and where our people feel valued, included and accountable. One of our key principles is respecting and developing our people. We are committed to maintaining the highest level of professional and ethical standards in the conduct of our business around the world. As of December 31, 2025, we had approximately 486 full-time employees located in 25 countries, of whom 341 employees are located outside of the United States. None of our U.S. employees are subject to a collective bargaining agreement. In certain foreign jurisdictions, where required by local law or customs, some of our employees are represented by local workers’ councils and/or industry collective bargaining agreements. We have not experienced any work stoppages, and we consider our relationship with our employees to be good. We have a broad base of diverse talent, and we believe that attracting, developing and retaining the best talent is critical to our success and achievement of our strategic objectives. Although we work in both remote and hybrid environments, we work collaboratively, without hierarchy, across geographies and functions.Compensation and benefitsWe offer what we believe is a competitive compensation package, tailored to the job function and geography of each employee. Our team is global, and we offer competitive and meaningful compensation and benefits programs that meet the diverse needs of our employees, while also reflecting local market practices. Our U.S. benefits plan includes health benefits, life and disability insurance, various voluntary insurances, flexible time off and leave programs, an employee assistance plan, and a 401(k) plan with a competitive employer match. Our international benefits plans are competitive locally and generally provide similar benefits. We believe our compensation structure aligns with our shareholders’ long-term interests by balancing profitability and growth, as well as current market practices. Competition for qualified personnel in the technology space is intense, and our success depends in large part on our ability to recruit, develop and retain a productive and engaged workforce. Available informationCambium Networks was formed in 2011 as Vector Cambium Holdings (Cayman), Ltd., and changed its name to Cambium Networks Corporation in 2018. We conduct our business through Cambium Networks, Ltd., a company organized under the laws of England and Wales, and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Cambium Networks Corporation holds no material assets other than Cambium Networks, Ltd. and its subsidiaries and does not engage in any business operations.

Unless the context otherwise requires, we use "Cambium Networks" to refer to Cambium Networks Corporation and its subsidiaries throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our headquarters are located at Cambium Networks, Inc. at 2000 Center Drive, Suite A401, Hoffman Estates, Illinois 60192 and our telephone number is (888) 863-5250.Our Internet address is www.cambiumnetworks.com and our investor relations website is located at http://investors.cambiumnetworks.com.

We make available free of charge on our investor relations website under the sub-heading “Financials” our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after such materials are electronically filed with (or furnished to) the SEC.

In addition, the public may read and copy materials we file with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549. The public may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. In addition, the SEC maintains an Internet site, www.sec.gov, that includes filings of and information about issuers that file electronically with the SEC. 16 Item 1A. Risk Factors. This Report contains forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, the risk factors set forth below. These risks and uncertainties are not the only ones we face. Our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects could also be harmed by risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently do not believe are material. If any of the risks actually occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be adversely affected. Risks related to our business Our ordinary shares have been delisted from Nasdaq and there is no guarantee that our ordinary shares will be regularly traded on the over-the-counter markets. On March 27, 2026, Nasdaq suspended trading in our ordinary shares on the Nasdaq Global Market due to our failure to comply with the terms of the Hearing Panel’s decision issued on December 3, 2025 and subsequent decisions issued by the Hearing Panel on February 2, 2026 and March 19, 2026 pursuant to which we were granted extensions for continued listing subject to our adherence to certain milestones set forth in the decision to regain compliance with the Filing Rule and the Annual Meeting Rule. Following our request for an additional extension on March 23, 2026, the Hearings Panel issued the Delist Determination stating that our ordinary shares would be suspended at the open of trading on March 27, 2026. In its Delist Determination, Nasdaq confirmed that it intends to file Form 25 Notification of Delisting with the SEC after all applicable appeals periods have lapsed. Although we have appealed the Delist Determination, there is no assurance that we may be able to regain our Nasdaq listing. There is no guarantee that our ordinary shares will continue to be traded on the over-the-counter markets, and accordingly, our ordinary shares may become illiquid. In addition, as a result of delisting from the Nasdaq Global Market, we lost an active trading market for our ordinary shares, and the trading market for our ordinary shares on the OTC Expert Market is limited. We believe this reduced liquidity and demand were contributing factors in the substantial decline in our share price after we announced the delisting, and that the failure to be listed will have a continuing material and adverse effect on the trading value of our shares unless and until our shares are listed.If our appeal of the Delisting Determination is not successful, we will seek to regain our listing via a new application, which will require us to meet the initial listing standards for the Nasdaq Capital Market. There are no assurances that we will be able to successfully satisfy the initial listing criteria or, if we are successful, to continue to meet the on-going listing requirements for the Nasdaq Capital Market. In particular, we may face heightened scrutiny from Nasdaq as a result of our history of being unable to meet Nasdaq’s listing requirements and having been a delinquent filer under the Exchange Act, which could delay a re-listing to the Nasdaq Capital Market or prevent us from achieving such a listing. In addition, we may decide it is not in our shareholders’ best interests to uplist our ordinary shares to the Nasdaq Capital Market once we are current with our SEC reporting requirements. As a result, an investment in our ordinary shares may be riskier than an investment in securities of a company that is listed on a national securities exchange due to the reduced protections such rules and regulations provide shareholders. 17 Our quarterly and annual operating results have fluctuated in the past and may fluctuate significantly in the future. In particular, the timing and size of our sales of our products are difficult to predict and can result in significant fluctuations in our revenues from period to period. For instance, we have historically received and fulfilled a substantial portion of sales orders and generated a substantial portion of revenues during the last few weeks of each quarter. In addition, we generally recognize all product revenues in the same period in which the related products are sold. Because our operating results are relatively fixed in the short term, any failure to meet expectations regarding sales could have an immediate and material effect on our earnings. If our revenues or operating results fall below the expectations of investors or securities analysts or below any estimates we may provide to the market, the trading price of our shares would likely decline, which could have a material and adverse impact on investor confidence and employee retention.Our operating results may fluctuate due to a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control, and which we may not foresee. In addition to other risks listed in this “Risks Factors” section, factors that may affect our operating results include:•Fluctuations in demand for our products, including seasonal variations;•Our ability to timely fulfill orders for our products, which may be impacted by a number of factors, including the inability of our third-party manufacturers and suppliers to meet our demand, including as a result of component or part shortages or delays, difficulties in product manufacturing, yield or quantity, or logistical failures in warehousing and shipping products;•The impact of excess inventory held by our channel partners, including the impact on our excess and obsolescence reserves;•The impact of tariffs or other trade regulations or restrictions that may be imposed by the U.S. or other governments;•The impact of any impairment of goodwill or indefinite-lived intangible assets;•Our inability to regain and maintain compliance with the financial covenants and other obligations under our secured Credit Agreement;•Our inability to develop, introduce and ship in a timely manner new products and product enhancements, and to anticipate future market demands;•Failure of our distributors and channel partners to effectively promote and sell our products or manage their inventory and fulfillment;•Our ability to manage our commitments to suppliers effectively;•Our ability to timely release high-quality software and software upgrades;•The failure to manage technology transitions in relationship with supply chain requirements, which could result in lower revenue or excess inventory and a growth in our obsolete inventory;•Our ability to control costs, including our manufacturing and component costs and operating expenses;•The impact of component shortages, logistic delays and cost increases in the manufacture or shipment of our products;•Changes in the competitive dynamics of our target markets, including new entrants, consolidation and pricing pressures;•The inherent complexity, length and associated unpredictability of the sales cycles for our products, including as a result of technology evolution;•Announcements made by us or our competitors of new or enhanced products, promotions, or changes in standards;•Variation in product costs, prices or mix of products we sell;•Product quality issues that could result in increases in product warranty costs and harm to our reputation and brand;•Cyber-attacks, data breaches or malware that may disrupt our operations, harm our operating results and financial condition, and damage our reputation or otherwise materially harm our business;•The impact of vulnerabilities and critical security defects, on our products;•Regulatory uncertainty or changes that may be applicable to or impact sales of our products and services;•The impact of health crises or pandemics on our operations, the operations of our third-party manufacturers and suppliers and on our customers and end users;•General economic or political conditions or instability in our markets, including global recessions or inflation, wars or other political tensions; 18 •Increased expenses resulting from increases in component, production and logistics costs resulting from factors such as global inflationary pressures, shortages in supply or tariffs imposed by the U.S. or other countries on goods and services that are imported;•Increasing uncertainty of and tensions in international trade relations and tariffs, including the impact of tariffs adopted by the United States and reciprocal tariffs that may be imposed by other countries; and •Wars among countries including between the Ukraine and Russia, increasing tensions between the United States and China, and increasing military activities and tensions between Iran and Israel, the Middle East, and the United States.The effects of these or other factors individually or in combination could result in fluctuations and unpredictability in our operating results, our ability to forecast those results and the trading price of our shares. As a result, our past results should not be relied upon as an indication of our future performance.Our cash requirements may require us to seek additional debt or equity financing and we may not be able to obtain such financing on favorable terms, or at all.Our cash from operations may not be sufficient for our future working capital, investments and cash requirements, and we have no remaining liquidity for additional borrowings under our Credit Agreement. If our cash from operations is not sufficient for future working capital needs, we would need to seek additional debt or equity financing or scale back our operations. We may not be able to access additional capital resources or financing due to a variety of reasons, including the restrictive covenants in our Credit Agreement, the status of our financial condition, or the lack of available capital due to global economic conditions. If our financing requirements are not met and we are unable to access additional financing on favorable terms, or at all, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected and we could cease as a going concern.We have several material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting which have resulted in our failure to timely file our financial statements. If we fail to remediate these material weaknesses and maintain an effective system of internal controls, our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or comply with applicable regulations could continue to be impaired.As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements and other rules and regulations of the SEC and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, among others. The requirements of these rules and regulations have and will continue to increase our legal, accounting and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming and costly and place strain on our personnel, systems and resources.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures over financial reporting. We have noted several material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting and have not yet remediated most of these material weaknesses. We are continuing to develop and refine our disclosure controls, internal control over financial reporting and other procedures, including controls related to revenue and expense recognition, inventory reserves, accounts receivable, regulatory compliance issues affecting our financial results, litigation and settlements and other matters, that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we will file with the SEC is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms, and that information required to be disclosed in reports under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act) is accumulated and communicated to our principal executive and financial officers.Our current controls have not been effective in preventing these material weaknesses and any new controls we develop may become inadequate because of growth in our business. Further, the weaknesses, including material weaknesses, in our internal controls that have been discovered in the past have not yet been fully remediated, and we have found additional control deficiencies and material weaknesses as of December 31, 2024 that continued during 2025. We may discover additional weaknesses in the future. Any failure to develop or maintain effective controls, or any difficulties encountered in their implementation or improvement, could harm our operating results or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations and may result in a restatement of our financial statements for prior periods. Any failure to implement and maintain effective internal controls also could adversely affect the results of periodic management evaluations and annual independent registered public accounting firm attestation reports regarding the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting that we will be required to include in our periodic reports we will file with the SEC under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act if we return to accelerated filer status. Ineffective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial and other information, which would likely have a negative effect on the market price of our shares.We have expended and anticipate we will continue to expend significant resources, and we expect to provide significant management oversight, to maintain and improve the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls over 19 financial reporting. Any future failure to maintain the adequacy of our internal controls, or consequent inability to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis, could increase our operating costs and could materially impair our ability to operate our business. If our internal controls are perceived as inadequate or we are unable to produce timely or accurate financial statements, investors may lose confidence in our operating results and our share price could decline. For example, due to our failure to maintain compliance with rules of the SEC and The Nasdaq Stock Market, trading in our ordinary shares was suspended on March 27, 2026, and moved to the OTC Expert Market on March 30, 2026. The last reported sale price of our ordinary shares on the OTC Expert Market on April 20, 2026 was $0.19. Although management is required to report on our internal control over financial reporting, our independent registered public accounting firm is not required to formally attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting until after we are no longer a smaller reporting company. At such time, our independent registered public accounting firm may issue a report that is adverse in the event it is not satisfied with the level at which our controls are documented, designed or operating. Any failure to maintain effective disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting could have a material and adverse effect on our business and operating results and could cause a decline in the price of our shares.Our credit facility contains restrictive financial covenants that limit our operating flexibility. Our continued failure to comply with all of these financial covenants has caused us to be in default, which could have an adverse effect on our business and prospects. We, therefore, may not be able to engage in any of the foregoing transactions unless we obtain the consent of our lender or prepay certain amounts under the Credit Agreement. The Credit Agreement also contains certain financial covenants and financial reporting requirements. We are currently not in compliance with certain of the financial or restrictive covenants of our Credit Agreement, including the requirement to timely file periodic reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). Our obligations under the Credit Agreement are secured by substantially all of our assets and amounts due under the Credit Agreement mature and become fully due and payable in November 2026. We may not be able to generate or sustain sufficient cash flow or sales to meet the financial covenants or pay the principal and interest under the Credit Agreement. Furthermore, our future working capital, proceeds of borrowings or proceeds of equity financings could be required to be used to repay or refinance the amounts outstanding under the Credit Agreement and, therefore, may be unavailable for other purposes. We have been and continue to be unable to meet our financial covenants under our Credit Agreement, which creates doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. There is uncertainty as to our ability to continue to meet the financial covenants in future periods. If the bank is unwilling to come to an acceptable resolution of these non-payment defaults, Bank of America could declare the amounts outstanding thereunder immediately due and payable, and we may not be able to obtain a waiver of such a default or otherwise pay or refinance the indebtedness. Should we be unable to obtain a waiver or otherwise refinance our indebtedness, we may be unable to continue as a going concern. These actions include deferral of expenditures, and cost reductions to align our cost structure with current revenue levels. Any of these measures may have an adverse impact on our ability to execute our business plan, take advantage of future opportunities, fund research and development initiatives, or respond to competitive pressures or unanticipated financial requirements. The ultimate success of any such actions in sustaining our ability to continue as a going concern cannot be assured. As a result of our continued noncompliance of covenants under our credit agreement, as well as a continued decline in our available cash, in the absence of additional sources of liquidity, there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. Due to these factors, substantial doubt exists about our ability to continue as a going concern. In the event we determine that additional sources of liquidity will not be available to us or will not allow us to meet our obligations as they become due, we may need to pursue a restructuring of our liabilities, and in the event of a future liquidation or bankruptcy proceeding, holders of our ordinary shares would likely suffer a total loss of their investment.The introduction of new products and technology is key to our success, and if we fail to predict and respond to emerging technological trends and network operators’ changing needs, we may be unable to remain competitive.The wireless broadband market is generally characterized by rapidly evolving technology, changing needs of network operators, evolving regulations and industry standards and frequent introductions of new products and services. Historically, new product introductions have been a key driver of our revenue growth. To succeed, we must effectively anticipate and adapt in a timely manner to network operator requirements and changing standards and regulatory requirements and continue to develop or acquire new products and features that meet market demands, technology trends and evolving regulatory requirements and industry standards. Our new product development may also be driven by component shortages that may require us to redesign our products. Our ability to keep pace with technological developments, satisfy increasing network operator requirements, and achieve product acceptance depends upon our ability to enhance our current products and develop and introduce or otherwise acquire the rights to new products on a timely basis and at competitive prices. The process of developing new technology is complex and uncertain and can take time to develop as well as to perfect once released. The development of new products and enhancements typically requires significant upfront investment, which may not result in material improvements to existing products or result in marketable new products or cost savings or revenues. Network operators have delayed, and may in the future delay, purchases of our products while awaiting release of new products or product enhancements. In addition, the introduction of new or enhanced products requires that we carefully manage the transition from older products to minimize disruption in channel partner ordering practices and maintain compatibility between older and newer versions of our products. If we fail to anticipate industry trends and evolving regulations by developing or acquiring rights to new products or product enhancements and timely and effectively introducing such new products and enhancements, or network operators do not perceive our products to have compelling technological advantages, our business would be adversely affected.The introduction of recent technologies, such as generative AI models, and the changes in regulations related to AI, cybersecurity, privacy, and data protection and our ability to effectively utilize or incorporate these technologies into our products may impact the success of our product development efforts. If the market for these new technologies does not develop as anticipated, or if we are unable to develop products incorporating new technologies, the potential demand for our products may decrease and our business, results of operation and prospects could be materially adversely affected. Enhanced United States tax, tariff, import/export restrictions, regulations or other trade barriers, including any such restrictions, regulations, or trade barriers adopted by other governments, may have a negative effect on global economic conditions, financial markets and our business.Because our products are manufactured outside of the U.S., the import of our products may be affected by changes in applicable tariffs. Our products are primarily manufactured in Taiwan, Vietnam, Philippines and Thailand, and we procure some of our products from China. The U.S. government has enacted, and then partially stayed, significantly increased tariffs on products imported from each of these jurisdictions and has imposed greatly increased tariffs on products imported from China. The governments of China, and other countries, have imposed reciprocal tariffs on the import of U.S. origin products imported into their countries. Significant uncertainty remains with respect to trade policies, treaties, tariffs and taxes. In February 2026, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that tariffs imposed under the International Emergency Economic Power Act ("IEEPA") were not authorized by the statute. The U.S. government then imposed additional non-IEEPA global Section 122 tariffs. The U.S. government has and may continue to issue significant changes in U.S. trade policy and may take actions that could negatively impact U.S. trade, including communications equipment products and components manufactured and imported from other countries. In response, countries subject to increased tariffs by the U.S. have and may continue to retaliate by actions such as the adoption of various trade related measures including imposing tariffs on imports into such countries from the United States. Other governments may also adopt trade policies, treaties, tariffs or taxes that may adversely impact our products, or services, increasing our costs or adversely impacting our ability to trade within that country. An increase in trade-related costs associated with these imports may impair the profitability of our international production, may strain our suppliers' ability to source components necessary for the production of our products, and is likely to increase our manufacturing costs. If we do pass along these costs, our customers may curtail the purchase of our products, which could adversely impact our future sales.The U.S. government has also enacted controls restricting the ability to send certain products and technology related to semiconductors, semiconductor manufacturing, and supercomputing to China without an export license. These controls also apply to certain hardware containing these specified integrated circuits. Other foreign governments may in turn impose similar or more restrictive controls. The U.S. government continue to add additional entities, to restricted party lists impacting the ability of U.S. companies to provide items to these entities.We cannot predict what actions may ultimately be taken with respect to trade relations between the United States and other countries, what products may be subject to such actions or what actions may be taken by the other countries in retaliation. If we are unable to obtain or use components for inclusion in our products, if component prices increase significantly or if we are unable to export or sell our products to any of our customers, our business, liquidity, financial condition, and/or results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.If tariffs, trade restrictions, or trade barriers remain in place or if new tariffs, trade restrictions, or trade barriers are placed on products such as ours by U.S. or foreign governments, our costs may increase. We believe we can adjust our supply chain and manufacturing practices to minimize the impact of the tariffs and any impact on the supply chain of components, but our efforts may not be successful, there can be no assurance that we will not experience a disruption in our business related to these or other changes in trade practices and the process of changing suppliers in order to mitigate any such tariff costs could be complicated, time-consuming, and costly.The tariffs may also cause customers to delay orders as they evaluate where to take delivery of our products in connection with their efforts to mitigate their own tariff exposure. Such delays create forecasting difficulties for us and increase the risk that orders might be canceled or might never be placed. Current or future tariffs may also negatively impact our customers' sales, thereby causing an indirect negative impact on our own sales. Even in the absence of further tariffs, the related uncertainty and the market's fear of an escalating trade war might cause our distributors and customers to place fewer orders for our products, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, liquidity, financial condition, and/or results of operations. The relatively fluid regulatory environment globally and uncertainty how the U.S. government or foreign governments will act with respect to tariffs, international trade agreements and policies, a trade war, further governmental action related to tariffs or international trade policies, or additional tax or other regulatory changes in the future could directly and adversely impact our financial results and results of operations. We cannot predict what actions may ultimately be taken with respect to trade relations between the U.S. and China or other countries, what products may be subject to such actions or what actions may be taken by the other countries in retaliation. If we are unable to obtain or use components for inclusion in our products, if component prices increase significantly, or if we are unable to sell our products to any of our customers, our business, liquidity, financial conditions or results of operations would be materially and adversely affected. Adverse economic conditions, continuing uncertain economic conditions or reduced information technology and network infrastructure spending may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.Our business depends on the overall demand for wireless network technology and on the economic health and general willingness of our current and prospective end-customers to make those capital commitments necessary to purchase our products. Weak domestic or global economic conditions and continuing economic uncertainty, fear or anticipation of such conditions, inflation, a recession, international trade disputes, political tensions, global pandemics, or a reduction in information technology and network infrastructure spending, have from time to time contributed, and may continue to contribute, to slowdowns in the markets in which we compete. As a result, we could experience reduced demand for our products as a result of constraints in capital spending, longer sales cycles, increased price competition for our products including lower sales prices, risk of excess and obsolete inventories, risk of supply constraints, and higher overhead costs as a percentage of revenue, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. If the conditions in the U.S. and global economies deteriorate, become uncertain or volatile, if inflationary pressures continue, our business, operating results and financial condition may be materially adversely affected. In particular, we cannot be assured of the level of spending on wireless network technology, the deterioration of which would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and growth rates. The purchase of our products or willingness to replace existing infrastructure is discretionary and highly dependent on a perception of continued rapid growth in consumer usage of mobile devices and in many cases involves a significant commitment of capital and other resources. Therefore, weak economic conditions or a reduction in capital spending would likely adversely impact our business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, if interest rates rise or foreign exchange rates weaken for our international customers, overall demand for our products and services could decline and related capital spending may be reduced. Furthermore, any increase in worldwide commodity prices may result in higher component prices for us and increased shipping costs, both of which may negatively impact our financial results. Terrorism, war, and other events may harm our business, operating results and financial condition.The continued threat of terrorism and heightened security and military action in response thereto, or any other current or future acts of terrorism, war (such as the on-going Russia-Ukraine war, and tensions in the Middle East including Iran, Israel and Syria), and other events such as economic sanctions and trade restrictions may cause further disruptions to the economies of the United States and other countries and create further uncertainties or could otherwise negatively impact our business, operating results, and financial condition. The Russia-Ukraine conflict, the ongoing conflict between Israel, Palestine and other areas of the Middle East, war in Iran and surrounding countries, as well as other areas of geopolitical tension around the world, or the worsening of these conflicts or 22 tensions, may materially adversely affect our customers, vendors, and partners. The duration and extent to which these factors may impact our future business and operations, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows remain uncertain.Competitive pressures may harm our business, revenues, growth rates and market share.The markets for our products, including FWB and Enterprise solutions, are highly competitive and subject to rapid technological change. We compete in a wide range of related categories, each with its set of competitors worldwide that vary in size and in the products and solutions offered. We expect competition to persist, intensify and increase in the future. In all our markets, we compete with a number of wireless equipment providers worldwide that vary in size and in the products and solutions offered. Some of the competitors in our markets include the following:•Our competitors for products and solutions for unlicensed wireless broadband in the sub-7GHz spectrum bands include Ubiquiti, Tarana Wireless, Mimosa Networks, Radwin and HFCL Group. Competitors in the 3.5 GHz spectrum band, the Citizens Broadband Radio Service in FCC-governed markets, include Airspan Networks, but also Ericsson (Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson), Nokia and Baicells Technologies. Our cnWave 60 GHz mmWave point-to-point and point-to-multi-point products compete with Ubiquiti and Ceragon Networks.•Our competitors in the licensed point-to-point microwave market include Aviat Networks, Ceragon Networks, SIAE Microelettronica, NEC, Nokia, among others. Our cnWave 5G fixed (28 GHz) products compete primarily with Intracom. •Our home Wi-Fi routers are offered to subscribers by our fixed wireless service provider customers. These devices compete with all consumer-grade, home Wi-Fi brands.•Our PON Solution competes with Nokia, Calix, Adtran and others. We offer a smaller scale system geared towards more rural and campus environments.•Our cnReach narrowband fixed wireless IoT products and solutions compete principally with GE MDS and FreeWave Technologies. •Our enterprise network edge solutions, which include Wi-Fi, cnMatrix Ethernet switching, and NSE products compete with a wide range of competitors, in some cases the competitor competing with two or more of our products. Ruckus (CommScope), Ubiquiti, Cisco Meraki, Extreme Networks, HPE Aruba, Fortinet, Mist (Juniper Networks), and Ruijie NetworksS, are competitors to our Wi-Fi Access Point portfolio. Our cnMatrix wireless aware Ethernet switch platform competes with Ubiquiti, Ruckus, MikroTik, Cisco, and HPE, among others. Our cnMaestro X network management solution competes with each competitive manufacturers’ management platform at a device-level, but also with system-level solutions developed in-house, or commercial solutions.As our target markets continue to develop and expand, and as the technology for wireless broadband continues to evolve, we expect competition to increase.We expect increased competition from our current competitors, as well as from new companies that may enter our markets. Several industries are now competing for end customers in traditional fixed wireless access markets, including Low Earth Orbit satellites, fiber operators, and mobile network operators providing fixed wireless. Further, we have in the past and may again experience price competition from lower cost vendors selling to network operators that have lower budget or less demanding applications than our products have been designed to serve. We also expect that even higher cost competitors may engage in price competition to establish greater market share, which may adversely affect our ability to grow our revenues and profitability. Competition could result in loss of market share, increased pricing pressure, reduced profit margins, or increased sales and marketing expense, any of which would likely cause serious harm to our business, operating results or financial condition.A number of our current or potential competitors have longer operating histories, greater name recognition, significantly larger customer bases and sales channels and significantly greater financial, technical, sales, marketing and other resources than we do. Our competitors may be able to anticipate, influence or adapt more quickly to new or emerging technologies and changes in network operator requirements, devote greater resources to the promotion and sale of their products and services, initiate or withstand substantial price competition, bundle similar products to compete, take advantage of acquisitions or other opportunities more readily, and develop and expand their product and service offerings more quickly than we can.Some of our competitors have been acquired or entered into partnerships or other strategic relationships and offer a more comprehensive solution than they had previously offered. We expect this trend to continue. The companies resulting from such consolidation may create more compelling products and be able to offer greater pricing flexibility, making it more difficult for us to compete effectively. In addition, continued industry consolidation might adversely affect network operators’ perceptions of the viability of smaller and even medium-sized wireless broadband equipment providers and, consequently, their willingness to purchase from those companies.Competitive pressures may also result from our inability to manufacture products meeting country of origin or country of manufacture requirements increasingly imposed by countries or end users. We may be unable to meet these location of manufacture requirements, which may adversely impact our ability to compete with other competitors who can. The success of new products depends on several factors, including appropriate new product definition, component costs, timely completion and introduction of products, differentiation of new products from those of our competitors and market acceptance of these products. We may not be able to successfully anticipate or adapt to changing technology on a timely basis, or at all.If our distributors do not effectively manage inventory of our products, fail to timely resell our products or overestimate expected future demand, they may reduce purchases in future periods, causing our revenues and operating results to fluctuate or decline.Our distributors purchase and maintain inventories of our products to meet future demand and have only limited rights to return the products they have purchased from us. Our channel partners are not generally committed to volume purchases of our products in any period, although some of our products carry minimum order quantities. Accordingly, if, as we have recently experienced, our channel partners purchase more product than is required to meet demand in a particular period, causing their inventory levels to grow, they may delay or reduce additional future purchases, causing a reduction in expected future revenues, our quarterly results to fluctuate, and adversely impacting our ability to accurately predict future earnings.Our gross margin varies from period to period, is difficult to predict and may decline in the future.Our gross margin varies from period to period, may be difficult to predict and may decline in future periods. Variations in our gross margin are generally driven by shifts in the mix of products we sell, the timing and related cost of fulfilling orders and other factors, including actions taken to reduce channel inventory or speed product delivery such as increased discounts. In addition, the market for wireless broadband solutions is characterized by rapid innovation and declining average sale prices as products mature in the marketplace. The sales prices and associated gross margin for our products may decline due to change in sales strategy, competitive pricing pressures, demand, promotional discounts and seasonal changes in demand. Larger competitors with more diverse product and service offerings may reduce the price of products or services that compete with ours or may bundle them with other products and services. If we meet such price reductions but do not similarly reduce our product manufacturing costs, our margins would decline. Any decline in our gross margins could have an adverse impact on our results of operations and the trading price of our shares.We maintain limited inventory of finished goods and, to a lesser extent, raw materials and forecast demand from our third-party manufacturers in amounts that we believe are sufficient to allow timely fulfillment of sales, subject to the impact of supply shortages. Growth in our sales and new product launches may require us to build inventory in the future. Higher levels of inventory expose us to a greater risk of carrying excess or obsolete inventory, which may in turn lead to write-downs. We may also record write-downs in connection with the end-of-life for specific products. Our distributors may increase levels of inventory to meet supply shortages or expected demand; if demand decreases in future periods, we may end up with excess channel inventory, leading to reductions in future period orders from our distributors. We endeavor to obtain information on inventory levels and sales data from our distributors. This information has been generally difficult to obtain in a timely manner, and we cannot always be certain that the information is reliable. If we under forecast demand, our ability to fulfill sales orders will be compromised and sales to distributors may be deferred or lost altogether, which may impair our distributor relationships, would reduce our revenues and could harm our ability to achieve or sustain expected results of operations. Decisions to increase or maintain higher inventory levels are typically based upon uncertain forecasts or other assumptions. Because the markets in which we compete are volatile, competitive and subject to rapid technology and price changes, if the assumptions on which we base these decisions turn out to be incorrect, our financial performance could suffer and we have in the past and could in the future be required to write-off the value of excess products or components inventory. In addition, in order to manage manufacturing lead times and help ensure adequate component supply, we enter into agreements with contract manufacturers and suppliers that allow them to procure inventory based upon criteria as defined by us, such as forecasted demand. We may be liable to purchase excess products or aged material from our suppliers following reasonable mitigation efforts, resulting in an adverse impact on our cash flows, operating expenses, results of operation and financial condition. If we are unable to manage our inventory or commitments to suppliers in the future, we could be required to record additional charges, which would adversely affect our operating results and financial condition. We rely on third-party manufacturers, which subjects us to risks of product delivery delays and reduced control over product costs and quality.We outsource the manufacturing of our products to third-party manufacturers pursuant to which the third parties manufacture and supply our products subject to orders from us often based on our demand forecasts. Our agreements do not typically obligate our third-party manufacturers to supply products to us in specific quantities or for an extended term, which could result in short notice to us of supply shortages and increases in the prices we are charged for manufacturing services. Our reliance on third-party manufacturers reduces our control over the manufacturing process, including reduced control over quality, product costs and product supply and timing. From time to time, we have experienced and may in the future experience delays in shipments or issues concerning product quality from our third-party manufacturers. For example, during 2025, as a result of a change of a third-party manufacturer for some of our products, we experienced delays in full commencement of production at the new location, as well as product quality problems, resulting in our inability to meet all orders for our product and a reduction in revenue over the period. We expect to continue to experience these supply shortages into 2026. If any of our third-party manufacturers suffer interruptions, delays or disruptions in supplying our products, including by natural disasters or work stoppages or capacity constraints, our ability to ship products to distributors and network operators would be delayed. Additionally, if any of our third-party manufacturers experience quality control problems in their manufacturing operations and our products do not meet network operators’ requirements, we could be required to cover cost of the repair or replacement of any defective products. These delays or product quality issues could have an immediate and material adverse effect on our ability to fulfill orders and could have a negative impact on our operating results. In addition, such delays or issues with product quality could harm our reputation and our relationship with our channel partners.Because lead times for required materials and components vary significantly and depend on factors such as the specific supplier, contract terms and the demand for each component at a given time, if we underestimate our requirements, our third-party manufacturer may have inadequate materials and components required to produce our products. This could result in an interruption of the manufacture of our products, delays in shipments and deferral or loss of revenues. If foundries experience capacity shortages they may respond by allocating existing supply among their customers, including us. Memory, in particular, is becoming challenging in light of capacity being used for AI. While current limitations are around DDR4 (used in some of our newer products), this is likely to spread to DDR3 memory and much of our product lines. Previous capacity shortages coupled with an increase in demand for affected products, due in part to a global increase in demand for bandwidth, resulted in supply shortages that caused increased lead times for some of our products. If our third-party manufacturers experience financial, operational, manufacturing capacity or other difficulties, or if they are otherwise unable or unwilling to continue to manufacture our products in required volumes or at all, our supply may be disrupted, we may be required to seek alternate manufacturers and we may be required to re-design our products.We outsource manufacturing to third-party manufacturers operating outside of the U.S., subjecting us to risks of international operations.Our third-party manufacturers predominantly operate outside of the U.S. causing us to face risks to our business based on changes in tariffs, trade barriers, export regulations, political conditions and contractual restrictions, such as recently announced tariffs 25 by the U.S. government and reciprocal tariffs announced by other governments, particularly tariffs on goods imported from China, Taiwan, Vietnam or Thailand. Products that we have manufactured for us in countries outside of the US may also be subject to any uncertainty of trade relations between such countries and the United States or other shipping destinations. Such uncertainties could cause the cost of our products to rise or result in our inability to continue to manufacture in such country, resulting in a need to find alternative sources of manufacture, such as our recent move from manufacturing in China and Mexico to Vietnam and Thailand. Our future operating results and financial condition could be materially affected to the extent any of these actions occur.We require third-party components, including components from limited or sole source suppliers, to build our products. The unavailability of these components could substantially disrupt our ability to manufacture our products and fulfill sales orders.We rely on third-party components to build our products, and we generally rely on our third-party manufacturers to obtain the components necessary for the manufacture of our products. We use our forecast of expected demand to determine our material requirements. Lead times for materials and components we order vary significantly, and depend on factors such as the specific supplier, contract terms and demand for a component at a given time. If forecasts exceed orders, we may have excess and/or obsolete inventory, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition. If orders exceed forecasts, or available supply, we may have inadequate supplies of certain materials and components, which could have a material adverse effect on our ability to meet customer delivery requirements and to recognize revenue. If we underestimate our requirements or our third-party suppliers are not able to timely deliver components, our third-party manufacturers may have inadequate materials and components required to produce our products. This could result in an interruption in the manufacture of our products, delays in shipments and fulfillment of customer orders, and deferral or loss of revenues. Our third-party manufacturers may not be able to secure sufficient components at reasonable prices or of acceptable quality to build our products in a timely manner, adversely impacting our ability to meet demand for our products. In addition, if our component suppliers cease manufacturing needed components, we could be required to redesign our products to incorporate components from alternative sources or designs, a process which could cause significant delays in the manufacture and delivery of our products. Unpredictable price increases for such components may also occur. The unavailability of these components could substantially disrupt our ability to manufacture our products and fulfill sales orders. In addition, we currently depend on a limited number of suppliers for several critical components for our products, and in some instances we use sole or single source suppliers for components to simplify design and fulfillment logistics. Neither we nor our third-party manufacturers carry a substantial inventory of our product components. Many of these components are also widely used in other product types or by other companies. Shortages are possible and our ability to predict the availability of such components may be limited. In the event of a shortage or supply interruption from our component suppliers, we or our third-party manufacturers may not be able to develop alternate or second sources in a timely manner, on commercially reasonable terms or at all, and the development of alternate sources may be time-consuming, difficult and costly. Any resulting failure or delay in shipping products could result in lost revenues and a material and adverse effect on our operating results. If we are unable to pass component price increases along to our end customers or maintain stable pricing, our gross margins could be adversely affected and our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could suffer.Logistics challenges may impact our operations, for example, as a result of container shortages which may impact availability of containers, and increased carriage costs, resulting in increases in relevant freight costs, all at a time when global demand may increase. Ports may experience increasing lead times with delays in the container freight market due to port delays, worker shortages or the impact of any global pandemic. These logistics and freight challenges and increasing costs could have a material adverse effect on our ability to meet customer delivery requirements, result in increased costs and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.Our third-party logistics and warehousing provider may fail to deliver products to our channel partners and network operators in a timely manner, which could harm our reputation and operating results.We rely on our third-party logistics and warehousing provider, with distribution hubs including in the United States, the Netherlands and Vietnam, to fulfill the majority of our worldwide sales and deliver our products on a timely basis. Any change in the location of our distribution hubs, and any delay in delivery of our products to distributors or network operators could create dissatisfaction, harm our reputation, result in the loss of future sales and, in some cases, subject us to penalties. A change in the location of our distribution centers may result in delays in our ability to ship products to customers from such newly established distribution centers or adversely impact our ability to meet import or export requirements. We rely on our third-party logistics and warehousing provider to accurately segregate and record our inventory for us and to report to us the receipt and shipments of our products. The failure of our third-party logistics and warehousing provider to perform these key tasks sufficiently, or any disruption to its business as a result of restrictions imposed as a result of health crises, natural disasters, work stoppages, cyber-attacks or other business disruptions, could disrupt their operations and therefore the shipment of our products to channel partners or end users or cause errors in our recorded inventory or in our customs or other regulatory documentation, any of which could adversely affect our business and operating results.We rely on distributors and value-added resellers for the substantial majority of our sales, and the failure of our channel partners to promote and support sales of our products would materially reduce our expected future revenues.We rely on distributors for a substantial majority of our sales and our future success is highly dependent upon establishing and maintaining successful relationships with distributors and other channel partners. Recruiting and retaining qualified distributors and training them in our technology and products require significant time and resources. Our reliance on distributors for sales of our products results in limited visibility into demand and channel inventory levels, which in turn adversely impacts our ability to accurately forecast our future revenues. By relying on our channel partners, we may have less contact with end users, thereby making it more difficult for us to establish brand awareness, service ongoing network operator requirements and respond to evolving needs for new product functionality.Sales through distributors have been highly concentrated in a few distributors, with over 34% and 32% of our revenues in 2024 and 2025, respectively, coming from our three largest distributors in each year. In addition, certain of our distributors may rely disproportionately on sales to a small number of end customers. Termination or degradation of a relationship with a major distributor, or of a distributor with its major customer, could result in a temporary or permanent material loss of revenues. We may not be successful in finding other distributors on satisfactory terms, or at all, and our distributors may fail to maintain or replace business with their major customer, either of which could adversely affect our ability to sell in certain geographic markets or to certain network operators, adversely impacting our revenues, cash flow and market share.We generally do not require minimum purchase commitments from our distributors, and our agreements do not prohibit our distributors from offering products or services that compete with ours or from terminating our contract on short notice. Many of our channel partners also sell products from our competitors. Some of our competitors may have stronger relationships with our channel partners than we do and we have limited control, if any, over the sale by our distributors of our products instead of our competitors’ products, or over the extent of the resources devoted to market and support our competitors’ products, rather than our products or solutions. Our competitors may be more effective in providing incentives to existing and potential distributors to favor their products or to prevent or reduce sales of our products. Our failure to establish and maintain successful relationships with our distributors would materially and adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.If we or our distributors and channel partners are unable to attract new end users or sell additional products to end users that currently use our products, our revenue growth would be adversely affected, and our revenues could decrease.To increase our revenues, we depend on the adoption of our solutions by end users that purchase our products through our channel partners. End users typically need to make substantial investments when deploying network infrastructure, which can delay a purchasing decision. Once a network operator has deployed infrastructure for a particular portion of its network, it is often difficult and costly to switch to another vendor’s equipment.Our future success also depends significantly on additional purchases of our products by end users that have previously purchased our products. End users may choose not to purchase additional products because of several factors, including dissatisfaction with our products or pricing relative to competitive offerings, reductions in network operators’ spending levels or other causes outside of our control. If we are not able to generate repeat purchases from end users, our revenues may grow more slowly than expected or may decline, and our business and operating results would be adversely affected.Our products are technologically complex and may contain undetected hardware defects or software bugs, which could result in increased warranty claims, increased costs, loss of revenues and harm to our reputation.Our products are technologically complex and, when deployed, are critical to network operations. Our products rely on our proprietary embedded software and have in the past contained and may in the future contain undetected errors, bugs or security vulnerabilities, or suffer reliability or quality issues. Some defects in our products may only be discovered after a product has been installed and used by network operators. Any errors, bugs, defects, security vulnerabilities or quality or reliability issues discovered in our products after commercial release could result in increased warranty claims, damage to our reputation and brand, loss of market shares or loss of revenues, any of which could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, our products operate in part in outdoor settings and must withstand environmental effects such as severe weather, lightning or other damage. Our products may also contain latent defects and errors from time to time related to embedded third-party components. We may in the future also be the subject of product liability claims. Such claims could require a significant amount of time and expense to resolve and defend against and could harm our reputation by calling into question the quality of our products. We also may incur costs and expenses relating to a recall of one or more of our products. The process of identifying recalled products that have been widely distributed may be lengthy and require significant resources and we may incur significant replacement costs, contract damage claims from network operators and harm to our reputation. Additionally, defects and errors may cause our products to be vulnerable to security attacks, cause them to fail to help secure networks or temporarily interrupt network traffic. Although we disclaim responsibility for certain warranty and product liability claims as well as product recalls or security problems, any substantial costs or payments made in connection with warranty and product liability claims, product recalls or security problems could cause our operating results to decline and harm our brand.Our ability to sell our products is highly dependent on the quality of our support and services offerings, and our failure to offer high-quality support and services could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.End users of our products rely on our products for critical applications and, as such, high-quality support is critical for the successful marketing and sale of our products. If we or our channel partners do not provide adequate support in deploying our products or in resolving post-deployment issues quickly, our reputation may be harmed and our ability to sell our products could be materially and adversely affected. In addition, our business continues to evolve, as we offer select products only in conjunction with required support or services purchased in addition to product purchases. There can be no assurance that our ability to require purchase of support and services will be successful.A portion of our revenues are generated by sales to government entities, which are subject to a number of challenges and risks.We derive a portion of our revenues from contracts with government agencies and we believe the success and growth of our business will in part depend on our continued and increasing sales to U.S. and foreign, federal, state and local governmental end customers in the future. However, demand from government agencies is often unpredictable, and we may be unable to maintain or grow our revenues from this market. Sales to government agencies are subject to substantial risks, including but not limited to the following:•selling to government agencies can be highly competitive, expensive and time-consuming, often requiring significant upfront time and expense without any assurance that such efforts will generate a sale;•government entities may have statutory, contractual or other legal rights to terminate contracts with our channel partners or us for convenience or due to a default, and any such termination may adversely impact our future business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects;•U.S. Complying with such regulations may also require us to put in place controls and procedures to monitor compliance with the applicable regulations that may be costly or not possible;•purchases by the U.S. and other governments may be subject to technological changes including changes in required standards that must be met, that are not required of non-governmental sales;•the U.S. government may require certain products that it purchases be manufactured in the United States and other relatively high-cost manufacturing locations under Buy American Act, Trade Agreements Act or other regulations, and we may not manufacture all products in locations that meet these requirements, which may preclude our ability to sell some products or services; and•governments may investigate and audit government contractors’ administrative and financial processes and compliance with laws and regulations applicable to government contractors, and any unfavorable audit could result in fines, civil or criminal liability, damage to our reputation and suspension or debarment from further government business.We generate a significant amount of revenues from sales outside of the United States, and we are therefore subject to a number of risks associated with international sales and operations.We have extensive international operations and generate a significant amount of revenue from sales to channel partners in Europe, the Middle East and Africa, Asia-Pacific and South America. For example, sales outside of the United States accounted for 50% of total revenues in 2024 and 53% in 2025. We rely on our third-party logistics and warehousing provider, with distribution hubs currently in the United States, the Netherlands and Vietnam to fulfill the majority of our worldwide sales and to deliver our products to our customers. We have estimated the geographical distribution of our product revenues based on the ship-to destinations specified by our distributors when placing orders with us. Our ability to grow our business and our future success will depend on our ability to continue to expand our global operations and sales worldwide.As a result of our international reach, we must hire and train experienced personnel to manage our international operations. If we experience difficulties in recruiting, training, managing and retaining an international staff, and specifically staff related to sales management and sales personnel, we may experience difficulties expanding our sales outside of the United States. If we are not able to maintain these relationships internationally or to recruit additional channel partners, our future international sales could be limited. Business practices in the international markets that we serve may differ from those in the United States and may require us in the future to include terms other than our standard terms in contracts.These and other factors could harm our ability to generate future international revenues. Expanding our existing international operations and entering into additional international markets will require significant management attention and financial commitments. Our failure to successfully manage our international operations and the associated risks effectively could limit our future growth or materially adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.We generate a substantial majority of our revenues through sales to our distributors. Distributors may not have the resources required to meet payment obligations or may delay payments if their end customers are late making payments. Our exposure to credit risks of our channel partners and their end customers may increase if such entities are adversely affected by global or regional economic conditions. Given the broad geographic coverage of our distributor relationships, we have in the past and may in the future experience difficulties surrounding the collection of payments. Any significant delay or default in the collection of significant accounts receivable could result in the need for us to obtain working capital from other sources and could adversely impact our operating results and financial condition.If we do not effectively deploy and train our direct sales force, we may be unable to increase sales.Although we rely on channel partners to fulfill the substantial majority of our sales, our direct sales force plays a critical role driving our sales through direct engagement with network operators. Although we have recently experienced reductions in our workforce, including in our sales force, we have invested and will from time to time continue to invest in our sales organization. There is significant competition for sales personnel with the skills and technical knowledge that we require. Our ability to achieve significant revenue growth will depend, in large part, on our success in recruiting, training, retaining and integrating sufficient numbers of sales personnel to support our growth, particularly in international markets. New hires require significant training and may take significant time before they achieve full productivity. Our recent hires may not become productive as quickly as we expect, and we may be unable to hire and retain sufficient numbers of qualified individuals needed to increase our sales. If we are unable to hire and train a sufficient number of effective sales personnel, or the sales personnel we hire do not achieve expected levels of productivity, our business, operating results and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.Our sales cycles can be long and unpredictable, and our sales efforts require considerable time and expense. As a result, our sales and revenues are difficult to predict and may vary substantially from period to period.Our sales efforts involve educating channel partners and network operators about the technical capabilities, applications and benefits of our products. Network operators typically require long sales cycles to select a product supplier and place sales orders. The sale process usually begins with an evaluation, followed by one or more network trials, followed by vendor selection and finally installation, testing and deployment. Network operator purchasing activity depends upon the stage of completion of expanding network infrastructures and the availability of funding, among other factors. We spend substantial time and resources on our sales efforts without any assurance that our efforts will produce any sales. In addition, purchases of our products are frequently subject to budget constraints, multiple approvals, unplanned administrative processing and other delays. Moreover, the evolving nature of the market may lead prospective network operators to postpone their purchasing decisions pending resolution of network standards or adoption of technology by others. Network operators may also postpone a purchase decision pending the release of new or enhanced products by us or others. As a result, it is difficult to predict whether a sale will be completed, the particular period in which a sale will be completed or the period in which revenues from a sale will be recognized, resulting in lumpy sales from period to period. Our operating results may therefore vary significantly from quarter to quarter.Our success is substantially dependent upon the continued service and performance of our senior management team and key product development, technical, marketing and production personnel. Our employees, including our senior management team, are generally at-will employees, and therefore may terminate employment with us at any time with no advance notice. The replacement of any members of our senior management team or other key personnel likely would involve significant time and costs and may significantly delay or prevent the achievement of our business objectives. As a result of our current financial status, we are experiencing increased employee turnover, including involuntary turnover in our efforts to reduce operating expenses. Our future success also depends, in part, on our ability to continue to attract and retain highly skilled personnel. Competition for highly skilled personnel is frequently intense, particularly for highly skilled research and development personnel. Any failure to successfully attract or retain qualified personnel to fulfill our current or future needs may negatively impact our growth.We may acquire other businesses or divest assets, which could require significant management attention, disrupt our business, dilute shareholder value and adversely affect our operating results.To execute our business strategy, we may acquire or make investments in complementary companies, products or technologies. Our integration of acquired businesses may not be successful and we may not achieve the benefits of the acquisition. We may not be able to find suitable acquisition candidates, and we may not be able to complete such acquisitions on favorable terms, if at all. If we do complete additional acquisitions, we may not ultimately strengthen our competitive position or achieve our goals, and any acquisitions we complete could be viewed negatively by our channel partners, investors and financial analysts. In addition, if we are unsuccessful at integrating such acquisitions, or the technologies associated with such acquisitions, into our company, the revenues and operating 30 results of the combined company could be adversely affected. Any integration process may require significant time and resources, and we may be unable to manage the process successfully. We may not successfully evaluate or utilize the acquired technology or personnel or accurately forecast the financial impact of an acquisition transaction, including unexpected liability or accounting charges. We may pay cash, incur debt or issue equity securities to pay for any future acquisition, each of which could adversely affect our financial condition or the value of our shares. The sale of equity or issuance of debt to finance any such acquisitions could result in dilution to our shareholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed obligations and could also include covenants or other restrictions that would impede our ability to manage our operations. In addition, we may divest assets in order to raise financing, provide additional working capital or satisfy obligations to our secured lender, which could require significant management attention, disrupt our business, dilute shareholder value and adversely impact our operating results.We face risks related to actual or threatened health epidemics and other outbreaks, which could significantly disrupt our manufacturing, sales and other operations.We face a wide variety of risks related to public health crises, epidemics, pandemics or similar events, which can create significant volatility, uncertainty and economic disruption. The restrictions imposed by steps taken to address public health crises may disrupt economic activity, which may result in reduced commercial and consumer confidence and spending, increased unemployment, closure or restricted operating conditions for businesses, volatility in the global capital markets, instability in the credit and financial markets, labor shortages, regulatory relief for impacted consumers and disruption in supply chains. If a new health epidemic or outbreak were to occur, we could experience broad and varied impacts, including adverse impacts to our workforce or supply chain, inflationary pressures and increased costs, schedule or production delays, market volatility and other financial impacts. If any of these were to occur, our future results and performance could be adversely impacted. If our supply chain operations are affected or are curtailed by the outbreak of diseases, our supply chain, manufacturing and product shipments will be delayed, which could adversely affect our business, operations and customer relationships. We may need to seek alternate sources of supply which may be more expensive, unavailable or may result in delays in shipments to us from our supply chain and subsequently to our customers. Further, if our distributors’ or end user customers’ businesses are similarly affected, they might delay or reduce purchases from us, which could adversely affect our results of operations.There can be no assurance that any global pandemic or other health crisis will not have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial results and financial condition.Our products are subject to governmental regulations in a variety of jurisdictions. To achieve and maintain market acceptance, our products must comply with these regulations as well as a significant number of industry standards. In the United States, our products must comply with various regulations defined by the Federal Communications Commission ("FCC"), Underwriters Laboratories and others. We must also comply with similar international regulations, particularly those issued by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute ("ETSI"), as such directives are or may be adopted as regulations by governments in member states. In addition, radio emissions, such as our products, are subject to health and safety regulation in the United States and in other countries in which we do business, including by the Center for Devices and Radiological Health of the Food and Drug Administration, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration and various state agencies. Member countries of the European Union have enacted similar standards concerning electrical safety and electromagnetic compatibility and emissions, and chemical substances and use standards. As these regulations and standards evolve, and if new regulations or standards are implemented, we could be required to modify our products or develop and support new versions of our products, and our compliance with these regulations and standards may become more burdensome. The failure of our products to comply, or delays in compliance, with the various existing and evolving industry regulations and standards could prevent or delay the introduction of our products, which could harm our business. Changes in standards could cause our products to be required to be redesigned in order to meet these changing standards. Foreign regulatory agencies may delay or fail to certify our products for political or other reasons other than product quality or performance. Network operator uncertainty regarding future policies may also affect demand for wireless broadband products, including our products. Our inability to alter our products to address these requirements and any regulatory changes may have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.In addition, changes in government regulations providing funding for capital investment in new industries, products or services, such as any government funding of products supporting wireline connectivity rather than wireless connectivity, could adversely impact products that are purchased by our customers and adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.A substantial portion of our product portfolio relies on the availability of unlicensed RF spectrum and if such spectrum were to become unavailable through overuse or licensing, the performance of our products could suffer and our revenues from their sales could decrease.A substantial portion of our product portfolio operates in unlicensed RF spectrum, which is used by a wide range of consumer devices and is becoming increasingly crowded. If such spectrum usage continues to increase through the proliferation of consumer electronics and products competitive with ours, the resultant higher levels of noise in the bands of operation our products use could decrease the effectiveness of our products, which could adversely affect our ability to sell our products. Our business could be further harmed if currently unlicensed RF spectrum becomes licensed in the United States or elsewhere. Network operators that use our products may be unable to obtain licenses for RF spectrum. Even if the unlicensed spectrum remains unlicensed, existing and new governmental regulations may require us to make changes to our products. For example, to provide products for network operators who utilize unlicensed RF spectrum, we may be required to limit their ability to use our products in licensed or otherwise restricted RF spectrum. The operation of our products by network operators in the United States or elsewhere in a manner not in compliance with local law could result in fines, operational disruption, or harm to our reputation.If we do not successfully anticipate technological shifts and develop products and product enhancements that meet these technological shifts in a timely manner, we may not be able to compete effectively and our results of operations, financial conditions and prospects may suffer.We must continue to enhance our existing products and develop new technologies and products that address emerging technological trends, evolving industry standards and changing end-customer needs. The process of enhancing our existing products and developing new technology is complex and uncertain, and new offerings require significant upfront investment that may not result in material design improvements to existing products or result in marketable new products or costs savings or revenue for an extended period of time, if at all.In addition, new technologies could render our existing products obsolete or less attractive to customers, and our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially adversely affected if such technologies are widely adopted. In the past several years, we have announced a number of new products and enhancements to our products and services. If we are unable to successfully manage our product introductions or transitions, or if we fail to penetrate new markets, as a result of any of these or other factors, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be adversely affected. Should we move too early or too late on any of these technology evolutions, we would be materially adversely affected in the market.We may not be able to successfully anticipate or adapt to changing technology or end-customer requirements on a timely basis, or at all. If we fail to keep up with technology changes or to convince our customers and potential customers of the value of our solutions even in light of new technologies, we may lose customers, decrease or delay market acceptance and sales of our present and future products and services and materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.We are subject to governmental export and import controls that could impair our ability to compete in international markets and subject us to liability if we are not in compliance with applicable laws.S. Export Administration Regulations, U.S. customs regulations, the economic and trade sanctions regulations administered by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Controls, and applicable U.K., EU and Netherlands export and import laws and regulations as well as applicable regulations in jurisdictions from which we ship products. Exports, re-exports and transfers of our products and technology must be made in compliance with these laws and regulations. U.S., U.K. and EU export control laws and economic sanctions include a prohibition on the shipment of certain products and technology to embargoed or sanctioned countries, governments and persons. We take precautions to prevent our products and technology from being shipped to, downloaded by or otherwise transferred to applicable sanctions targets, but our products could be shipped to those targets by our channel partners despite such precautions. If our products are shipped to or downloaded by sanctioned targets in the future in violation of applicable export laws, we could be subject to government investigations, penalties and reputational harm. Certain of our products incorporate encryption technology and may be exported, re-exported or transferred only with the required applicable export license from the U.S., U.K., or the EU through an export license exception.If we fail to comply with applicable export and import regulations, customs and trade regulations, and economic sanctions and other laws, we could be subject to substantial civil and criminal penalties, including fines and incarceration for responsible employees and managers, and the possible loss of export or import privileges as well as harm our reputation and indirectly have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition. In addition, if our channel partners fail to comply with applicable export and import regulations, customs regulations, and economic and sanctions and other laws in connection with our products and technology, then we may also be adversely affected, through reputational harm and penalties. Obtaining the necessary export license for a particular sale may be time-consuming, may result in the delay or loss of sales opportunities and approval is not guaranteed.Any change in export or import, customs or trade and economic sanctions laws, and regulations, shift in the enforcement or scope of existing laws and regulations, or change in the countries, governments, persons or technologies targeted by such laws and regulations, could also result in decreased use of our products, or in our decreased ability to export or sell our products to existing or potential network operators with international operations. Any decreased use of our products or limitation on our ability to export or sell our products could affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.We do business in countries with a history of corruption and transact business with foreign governments, which increases the risks associated with our international activities.We are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended ("FCPA"), the U.K. Bribery Act of 2010, and many other laws around the world that prohibit improper payments or offers or authorization of payments to governments and their employees, officials, and agents and political parties for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business, inducing an individual to not act in good faith, direct business to any person, or secure any advantage. We have operations, deal with and make sales to governmental entities in countries known to experience corruption, particularly certain emerging countries in Asia, Eastern Europe, the Middle East and South America. Our activities in these countries create the risk of illegal or unauthorized payments or offers of payments or other things of value by our employees, consultants or channel partners that could be in violation of applicable anti-corruption laws, including the FCPA. In many foreign countries where we operate, particularly in countries with developing economies, it may be a local custom for businesses to engage in practices that are prohibited by the FCPA or other similar laws and regulations. Although we have taken actions to discourage and prevent illegal practices including our anti-corruption compliance policies, procedures, training and monitoring, the actions taken to safeguard against illegal practices, and any future improvements in our anti-corruption compliance practices, may not be effective, and our employees, consultants or channel partners may engage in illegal conduct for which we might be held responsible. In addition, the failure to create and maintain accurate books and records or the failure to maintain an adequate system of internal accounting controls may subject us to sanctions.If we fail to comply with environmental requirements, our business, financial condition, operating results and reputation could be adversely affected.We are subject to various environmental laws and regulations including laws governing the hazardous material content of our products and laws relating to the recycling of electrical and electronic equipment as well as packaging and recycling requirements. The laws and regulations to which we are subject include the European Union’s Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive ("RoHS"), and Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive ("WEEE"), as implemented by EU member states. Similar laws and regulations exist or are pending in other regions, including in the United States, and we are, or may in the future be, subject to these laws and regulations.RoHS restricts the use of certain hazardous materials, including lead, mercury and cadmium, in the manufacture of certain electrical and electronic products, including some of our products. Certain of our products are eligible for an exemption for lead used in network infrastructure equipment. If this exemption is revoked, or if there are other changes to RoHS (or its interpretation) or if similar laws are passed in other jurisdictions, we may be required to reengineer our products to use components compatible with these regulations. This reengineering and component substitution could result in additional costs to us or disrupt our operations or logistics.WEEE requires producers of electrical and electronic equipment to be responsible for the collection, reuse, recycling and treatment of their products. Currently, our distributors generally take responsibility for this requirement, as they are often the importer of record. However, changes to WEEE and existing or future laws similar to WEEE may require us to incur additional costs in the future.If we are unable to comply with these or similar laws or regulations, we could incur fines, penalties, restrictions on our ability to manufacture our products or restrictions or limitations on our ability to import or export our products to or from various jurisdictions.Any failure to comply with current and future environmental laws could result in the incurrence of fines or penalties and could adversely affect the demand for or sales of our products.If we are not able to satisfy data protection, security, privacy and other government- and industry-specific requirements or regulations, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be harmed.Personal privacy, data protection, information security and telecommunications-related laws and regulations have been widely adopted in the United States, Europe and in other jurisdictions where we sell our products. The regulatory frameworks for these matters, including privacy, data protection and information security matters, is rapidly evolving and is likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. We expect that there will continue to be new proposed laws, regulations and industry standards concerning privacy, data protection, information security and telecommunications services in the United States, the European Union and other jurisdictions in which we operate or may operate, and it is not known what impact such future laws, regulations and standards may have on our business. We also expect that existing laws, regulations and standards may be interpreted in new manners in the future. Future laws, regulations, standards and other obligations, and changes in the interpretation of existing laws, regulations, standards and other obligations could require us to modify our products, restrict our business operations, increase our costs and impair our ability to maintain and grow our channel partner base and increase our revenues. The cost of compliance with, and other burdens imposed by new privacy laws may limit the use and adoption of our products and services and could have an adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Although we work to comply with applicable privacy and data security laws and regulations, industry standards, contractual obligations and other legal obligations, those laws, regulations, standards and obligations are evolving and may be modified, interpreted and applied in an inconsistent manner from one jurisdiction to another, and may conflict with one another. As such, we cannot assure ongoing compliance with all such laws, regulations, standards and obligations. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with applicable laws, regulations, standards or obligations, or any actual or suspected security incident, whether or not resulting in unauthorized access to, or acquisition, release or transfer of personally identifiable information or other data, may result in governmental enforcement actions and prosecutions, private litigation, fines and penalties or adverse publicity, and could cause channel partners to lose trust in us, which could have an adverse effect on our reputation and business.Our actual or perceived failure to comply with applicable data protection laws or adequately protect personal data could result in claims of liability against us, damage our reputation or otherwise materially harm our business. Compliance with these laws and regulations can be difficult and costly. In addition, evolving legal requirements restricting or governing the collection, use, processing, or cross-border transmission of personal data, including cloud-based services, could materially affect our customers’ ability to use, and our ability to sell, our products and services. The interpretation and application of these laws and regulations in some instances is uncertain, and our legal and regulatory obligations are subject to frequent changes. For example, the EU General Data Protection Regulation ("EU GDPR"), and the similar UK implementation of the EU GDPR by virtue of section 3 of the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 (which sits alongside the UK Data Protection Act 2018, as amended by the U.K> Data (Use and Access) Act 2025) (known as the "UK GDPR”, and together with the "EU GDPR", the "GDPR") applies to the extent that our personal data processing activities: (i) are conducted by or on behalf of an 'establishment' in the EU or UK; or (ii) related to products or services offered to individuals in the EU or UK or the monitoring of their behavior while in the EU or UK. In the event of non-compliance, the EU GDPR provides for robust regulatory enforcement and fines. In addition, the GDPR confers a private right of action on data subjects and consumer associations to lodge complaints with supervisory authorities, seek judicial remedies and obtain compensation for damages resulting from violations of the GDPR.Additionally, in the United States, we are subject to the California Consumer Privacy Act, as amended ("CCPA") and other laws, regulations and obligations that relate to the handling of personal data. The CCPA includes extensive requirements for businesses that are subject to the law, including to provide certain privacy notices to California residents and to honor residents' rights related to their personal data (e.g., to access, delete and opt out of "sales" and "sharing" of personal data, as those terms are defined under the CCPA, subject to certain exceptions). The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as private right of action for certain data breaches. The interpretation and application of the laws to which we are or may become subject may be uncertain and the laws may be interpreted and applied in a manner inconsistent with our current policies and practices. Our actual or perceived failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations or other obligations relating to personal data, or to protect personal data from unauthorized access, use, or other processing, could subject us to liability to our customers, data subjects, suppliers, service providers, business partners, employees, and others, give rise to legal and/or regulatory actions, could damage our reputation or could otherwise materially harm our business, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition. Risks related to our intellectual propertyCyber-attacks, and other security incidents on our or our service providers' system may disrupt our operations, harm our operating results and financial condition, and damage our reputation or otherwise materially harm our business; and cyber-attacks or other security attacks in cloud-based services provided by or enabled by us, could result in claims of liability against us, damage our reputation or otherwise materially harm our business.In the ordinary course of our business, we collect, store and otherwise process information, including intellectual property and customer and other business information (which also may include personal data). The secure storage, maintenance, and transmission of and access to this information is critical to our operations, business strategy, and reputation. Cyber-attacks are increasing in their frequency, sophistication and intensity and have become more difficult to detect. Cyber-attacks could include the deployment of harmful malware, ransomware, denial-of-service attacks, social engineering and other means to affect service reliability and threaten the confidentiality, integrity and availability of our and our service providers' systems and the information on those systems. Cyber-attacks also could include phishing attempts or e-mail fraud to cause unauthorized payments or information to be transmitted to an unintended recipient, or to permit unauthorized access to systems. We experience attempts to gain unauthorized access to our systems on a regular basis, and we anticipate continuing to be subject to such attempts. Despite our implementation of security measures, (i) our products and services, and (ii) the servers, data centers, and cloud-based solutions on which our and third-party data is stored, are vulnerable to cyber-attacks, and other security incidents, and disruptions from unauthorized access, tampering or other theft or misuse, including by employees, malicious actors or inadvertent error. Such events on our or our service providers' systems could in the future compromise or disrupt access to or the operation of our products, services, and networks or those of our service providers or customers, or result in the information stored on our systems or those of our service providers or customers being improperly accessed, processed, disclosed, lost or stolen. Efforts to limit the ability of malicious actors to disrupt our operations or undermine our own security efforts may be costly to implement and may not be successful. Breaches of security in our suppliers' networks, or in cloud-based services provided by or enabled by us, regardless of whether the breach is attributable to a vulnerability in our products or services, could result in claims of liability against us, damage our reputation or otherwise materially harm our business.The products and services we sell to customers, and our cloud-based solutions, inevitably contain vulnerabilities or critical security defects which have not been remedied and cannot be disclosed without compromising security. We also make prioritization decisions in determining which vulnerabilities or security defects to fix and the timing of these fixes. Customers may also delay the deployment or implementation of fixes offered or made available by us. In addition, we rely on third-party providers of software and cloud-based services, and we cannot control the rate at which they remedy vulnerabilities. When customers do not deploy specific releases or decide not to upgrade to the latest versions of our products, services or cloud-based solutions containing the release, they may be left vulnerable. Vulnerabilities and critical security defects, prioritization errors in remedying vulnerabilities or security defects, failure of third-party providers to remedy vulnerabilities or security defects, or customers not deploying specific releases or deciding not to upgrade products, services or solutions could result in claims of liability against us, damage our reputation or otherwise materially harm our business.Issues related to the development and use of artificial intelligence (AI) could give rise to legal and/or regulatory action, damage our reputation or otherwise materially harm our business.We are reviewing the use of AI technology in certain of our business operations, products or services and have released AI enhanced features in cnMaestro X and in our support organization. Our research and development of such technology remains ongoing. AI presents risks, challenges, and unintended consequences that could affect our and our customers’ adoption and use of this technology. AI algorithms and training methodologies may be flawed. Additionally, AI technologies are complex and rapidly evolving, and we face significant competition in the market and from other companies regarding such technologies. While we aim to develop and use AI responsibly and attempt to identify and mitigate ethical and legal issues presented by its use, we may be unsuccessful in identifying or resolving issues before they arise. AI-related issues, deficiencies and/or failures could (i) give rise to legal and/or regulatory action, including with respect to current and proposed legislation regulating AI in jurisdictions such as the European Union, United States and others, and as a result of new applications of existing data protection, privacy, intellectual property, and other laws; (ii) damage our reputation; or (iii) otherwise materially harm our business. We also face risks of competitive disadvantage if our competitors more effectively use AI to create new or enhanced products or services that we are unable to compete against. In addition, if we elect not to incorporate AI into our products and services offerings, we may be at a competitive disadvantage to those of our competitors who are able to effectively include AI in their products and services, which may cause our products to fail to compete effectively.If we are unable to protect our intellectual property rights, our competitive position could be harmed, or we may incur significant expenses to enforce our rights.We protect our proprietary information and technology through license agreements, nondisclosure agreements, noncompetition covenants, and other contractual provisions and agreements, as well as through patent, trademark, copyright and trade secret laws in the United States and similar laws in other countries. These protections may not be available in all jurisdictions and may be inadequate to prevent our competitors or other third-party manufacturers from copying, reverse engineering or otherwise obtaining and using our technology, proprietary rights or products. For example, the laws of certain countries in which our products are manufactured or licensed do not protect our proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. In addition, third parties may seek to challenge, invalidate or circumvent our patents, trademarks, copyrights and trade secrets, or applications for any of the foregoing. We have focused patent, trademark, copyright and trade secret protection primarily in the United States and Europe, although we distribute our products globally. As a result, we may not have sufficient protection of our intellectual property in all countries where infringement may occur. There can be no assurance that our competitors will not independently develop technologies that are substantially equivalent or superior to our technology or design around our proprietary rights. In each case, our ability to compete could be significantly impaired. To prevent substantial unauthorized use of our intellectual property rights, it may be necessary to prosecute actions for infringement and/or misappropriation of our proprietary rights against third parties. Any such action could result in significant costs and diversion of our resources and management’s attention, and we may not be successful in such action.Our industry is characterized by vigorous protection and pursuit of intellectual property rights. A number of companies hold a large number of patents that may cover technology necessary for our products. We have in the past received and expect to continue to receive claims from third parties that we infringe their intellectual property rights. In addition, we have received correspondence from certain patent holding companies who assert that we infringe certain patents related to wireless communication technologies. A court adjudicating a claim that we infringe these patents may not rule in our favor should these patent holding companies file suit against us. It is not uncommon for suppliers of certain components of our products, such as chipsets, to be involved in intellectual property-related lawsuits by or against third parties. Our key component suppliers are often targets of such assertions, and we may become a target as well. Any claims or proceedings against us, whether meritorious or not, could be time-consuming, result in costly litigation, require significant amounts of management time or result in the diversion of significant operational resources, any of which could materially and adversely affect our business and operating results.Intellectual property lawsuits are subject to inherent uncertainties due to the complexity of the technical issues involved, and we cannot be certain that we will be successful in defending ourselves against intellectual property claims. In addition, we currently have a limited portfolio of issued patents compared to our larger competitors and therefore may not be able to effectively utilize our intellectual property portfolio to assert defenses or counterclaims in response to patent infringement claims or litigation brought against us by third parties. Patent holding companies may seek to monetize patents they previously developed, have purchased or otherwise obtained. Many companies, including our competitors, may now, and in the future, have significantly larger and more mature patent portfolios than we have, which they may use to assert claims of infringement, misappropriation and other violations of intellectual property rights against us. In addition, future litigation may involve non-practicing entities or other patent owners who have no relevant products or revenue and against whom our own patents may therefore provide little or no deterrence or protection, and many other potential litigants have the capability to dedicate substantially greater resources than we do to enforce their intellectual property rights and to defend claims that may be brought against them.A successful claimant could secure a judgment that requires us to pay substantial damages or prevents us from distributing certain products, obtaining the services of certain employees or independent contractors, or performing certain services. In addition, we might be required to seek a license for the use of such intellectual property, which may not be available on commercially acceptable terms or at all. Alternatively, we may be required to develop non-infringing technology, which could require significant effort and expense and may ultimately not be successful. Any claims or proceedings against us, whether meritorious or not, could be time consuming, result in costly litigation, require significant amounts of management time, result in the diversion of significant operational resources, or require us to enter into royalty or licensing agreements.Although we may be able to seek indemnification from our component suppliers and certain of our third-party manufacturers who have provided us with design and build services, these third-party manufacturers or component suppliers may contest their obligations to indemnify us, or their available assets or indemnity obligation may not be sufficient to cover our losses.If our third-party manufacturers do not respect our intellectual property and trade secrets and produce competitive products using our design, our business would be harmed.We outsource manufacture, and in some cases hardware or software design, to third-party manufacturers predominantly in Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines and Taiwan, among other locations. We have previously worked with third-party manufacturers in China, and periodically evaluate manufacturers in other locations. Prosecution of intellectual property infringement and trade secret theft is more difficult in some of these jurisdictions than in the United States. Although our agreements with our third-party manufacturers generally preclude them from misusing our intellectual property and trade secrets, or using our designs to manufacture product for our competitors, we may be unsuccessful in monitoring and enforcing our intellectual property rights and may find counterfeit goods in the market being sold as our products or products similar to ours produced for our competitors using our intellectual property. Although we take steps to stop counterfeits, we may not be successful and network operators who purchase these counterfeit goods may experience product defects or failures, resulting in harm to our reputation and brand and causing us to lose future sales.Our operating results may be adversely affected and damage to our reputation may occur due to production and sale of counterfeit versions of our products.Our products could be subject to efforts by third parties to produce counterfeit versions of our products. If we become the target of the manufacture of counterfeit goods, are unable to block their sale, are unable to detect counterfeit products in customer networks, or are unable to succeed in prosecuting counterfeiters and their distributors, such counterfeit sales, to the extent they replace otherwise legitimate sales, could adversely affect our operating results.We incorporate open source software into our products. Use and distribution of open source software may entail greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or other contractual protections regarding infringement claims or the quality of the software code. Some open source licenses contain requirements that we make available source code for modifications or derivative works we create based upon the open source software and that we license such modifications or derivative works under the terms of a particular open source license or other license granting third parties certain rights of further use. Open source license terms relating to the disclosure of source code in modifications or derivative works to the open source software are often ambiguous and few if any courts in jurisdictions applicable to us have interpreted such terms. As a result, many of the risks associated with usage of open source software cannot be eliminated, and could, if not properly addressed, negatively affect our business.If we were found to have inappropriately used open source software, we may be required to release our proprietary source code, re-engineer our firmware or other software, discontinue the sale of our products in the event re-engineering cannot be accomplished on a timely basis or take other remedial action that may divert resources away from our development efforts, any of which could adversely increase our expenses and delay our ability to release our products for sale. We could also be subject to similar conditions or restrictions should there be any changes in the licensing terms of the open source software incorporated into our products.We rely on the availability of third-party licenses, the loss of which could materially harm our ability to sell our products.We rely on certain software or other intellectual property licensed from third parties. It may be necessary in the future to seek new licenses or renew existing licenses. There can be no assurance that the necessary licenses would be available on acceptable terms, if at all. If we are unable to maintain these licenses, or obtain licenses to alternative third-party intellectual property, on acceptable terms, we may be precluded from selling our products, may be required to re-design our products to eliminate reliance on such third-party intellectual property or otherwise experience disruption in operating our business. Third parties owning such intellectual property may engage in litigation against us seeking protection of their intellectual property rights, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition.Our obligation to indemnify our channel partners or end users against intellectual property infringement claims could cause us to incur substantial costs.We have agreed, and expect to continue to agree, to indemnify our channel partners and network operators for certain intellectual property infringement claims. If intellectual property infringement claims are made against our channel partners or network operators concerning our products, we could be required to indemnify them for losses resulting from such claims or to refund amounts they have paid to us. The maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make may be substantial or unlimited and could materially harm our business. We may in the future agree to defend and indemnify our distributors, network operators and other parties, even if we do not believe that we have an obligation to indemnify them or that our services and products infringe the asserted intellectual property rights. Alternatively, we may reject certain of these indemnity demands, which may lead to disputes with a distributor, network operator or other party and may negatively impact our relationships with the party demanding indemnification or result in litigation against us.Financial and accounting risksWe are exposed to fluctuations in currency exchange rates, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.Our sales contracts are primarily denominated in U.S. dollars, and therefore, substantially all of our revenue is not subject to foreign currency risk; however, as a result of the strengthening U.S. dollar, there has been an increase in the cost of our products to our end customers outside of the U.S., which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. In addition, a decrease in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to foreign currencies could increase our product and operating costs in foreign locations. Further, a portion of our operating expenses is incurred outside the U.S., is denominated in foreign currencies and is subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. If we are not able to successfully hedge against the risks associated with the currency fluctuations, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be adversely affected.We are subject to income and non-income-based taxes in the United States and in various non-U.S. jurisdictions. We file U.S. federal income tax returns as well as income tax returns in various U.S. state and local jurisdictions and many non-U.S. jurisdictions. The United States, United Kingdom, India, Mexico, and Brazil are the main taxing jurisdictions in which we operate. Significant judgment is required in dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations when calculating our worldwide income tax liabilities and other tax liabilities. We are not aware of any uncertain tax positions as specified by Accounting Standards Codification 740, Income Taxes. We expect to continue to benefit from our implemented tax positions. We believe that our tax positions comply with applicable tax law and intend to vigorously defend our positions. However, as described below, tax authorities could take differing positions on certain issues. The years open for audit vary depending on the tax jurisdiction. In the United States, as of December 31, 2024, we are no longer subject to U.S. federal income tax examinations by tax authorities for years before 2022. In the non-U.S. jurisdictions, the tax returns that are open vary by jurisdiction and are generally for tax years between 2020 through 2025. We routinely assess exposures to any potential issues arising from current or future audits of current and prior years’ tax returns. When assessing such potential exposures and where necessary, we provide a reserve to cover any expected loss. To the extent that we establish a reserve, we increase our provision for income taxes. If we ultimately determine that payment of these amounts is unnecessary, we reverse the liability and recognize a tax benefit during the period in which we determine that the liability is no longer necessary. We record an additional charge in our provision for taxes in the period in which we determine that tax liability is greater than the original estimate. If the governing tax authorities have a differing interpretation of the applicable law, a successful challenge of any of our tax positions could adversely affect our financial condition, cash flows and/or results of operations.Risks related to ownership of our ordinary sharesBecause Vector Capital holds a controlling interest in us, the influence of our public shareholders over significant corporate actions will be limited.Vector Capital and its affiliates directly or indirectly own approximately 50.1% of our outstanding shares through their ownership of Vector Cambium Holdings (Cayman), L.P., or VCH, L.P. As a result of its controlling interest in us, Vector Capital has the power to:•control all matters submitted to our shareholders;•elect two of our directors; and•exercise control over our business, policies and affairs.Vector Capital is not prohibited from selling its interest in us to third parties and has sold and will continue to periodically sell its interest in us under future registration statements that are filed by us. While Vector Capital continues to own a majority of our outstanding shares, our ability to engage in significant transactions, such as a merger, acquisition or liquidation, is limited without the consent of Vector Capital. Conflicts of interest could arise between us and Vector Capital, and any conflict of interest may be resolved in a manner that does not favor us. Vector Capital may continue to retain control of us for the foreseeable future and may decide not to enter into a transaction in which our shareholders would receive consideration for their shares that is much higher than the cost to them or the then-current market price of those shares. In addition, Vector Capital could elect to sell a controlling interest in us and shareholders may receive less than the then-current fair market value or the price paid for their shares. Any decision regarding their ownership of us that Vector Capital may make at some future time will be in their absolute discretion.In addition, pursuant to the terms of our Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association, Vector Capital and its affiliates have the right to, and have no duty to abstain from, exercising its right to engage or invest in the same or similar business as us, and do business with any of our channel partners, distributors, network operators and any other party with which we do business. In the event that any of our directors or officers who is also a director, officer or employee of Vector Capital or its affiliates acquires knowledge of a corporate opportunity or is offered a corporate opportunity, then Vector Capital or its affiliates may pursue or acquire such corporate opportunity without presenting the corporate opportunity to us without liability, and to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, such relevant director will be deemed to have fully satisfied their fiduciary duty if the knowledge of such corporate opportunity was not acquired solely in such person’s capacity as our director or officer and such person acted in good faith.In addition, pursuant to our Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association, a director who is in any way interested in a contract or transaction with us will declare the nature of his interest at a meeting of the board of directors. A director may vote in respect of any such contract or transaction notwithstanding that he may be interested therein and if he does so his vote will be counted and he may be counted in the quorum at any meeting of the board of directors at which any such contract or transaction shall come before the meeting of the board of directors for consideration.We are a controlled company within the meaning of Nasdaq rules and, although our ordinary shares are no longer listed on Nasdaq, we continue to rely on exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements. In the event that we regain our listing on Nasdaq and become subject to the Nasdaq listing rules again, we may not be able to meet the additional requirements imposed by Nasdaq on non-controlled companies if we lose our controlled company status.We are utilizing these exemptions despite not currently being listed on Nasdaq. As our employee equity vests, the percentage ownership of Vector Capital in us decreases. If we regain our listing on Nasdaq and become subject to the Nasdaq listing rules again, and if Vector Capital's interest falls below a majority of our outstanding shares, we would need to have a majority of our board of directors comprised of independent directors, and in addition, although we have adopted charters for our audit and compensation committees, our compensation committee is not currently composed entirely of independent directors and would need to be reconstituted, although all members of our audit committee are independent. We may not be able to make these governance changes within the period required by Nasdaq. While we remain a controlled company, shareholders may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all of the corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq.The price of our shares has been and may continue to be volatile, and shareholders could lose all or part of their investment.The trading price of our shares may fluctuate substantially. The trading price of our shares will depend on a number of factors, including those described in this “Risk factors” section, many of which are beyond our control and may not be related to our operating performance. These fluctuations could cause shareholders to lose all or part of their investment in our shares since they might be unable to sell their shares at or above the price paid for them. Factors that could cause fluctuations in the trading price of our shares include the following:•the financial projections we may provide to the public, any changes in those projections or our failure to meet those projections;•actual or anticipated developments in our business or our competitors’ businesses or the competitive landscape generally;•sales of our shares by us or our shareholders or hedging activities by market participants;•failure of financial analysts to maintain coverage of us, changes in financial estimates by any analysts who follow our company, or our failure to meet these estimates or the expectations of investors;•operating performance or stock market valuations of other technology companies generally, or those in our industry in particular;•announced or completed acquisitions of businesses or technologies by us or our competitors;•general economic conditions and slow or negative growth of our markets;•rumors and market speculation involving us or other companies in our industry;•litigation involving us, our industry or both or investigations by regulators into our operations or those of our competitors;•developments or disputes concerning our intellectual property or other proprietary rights;•new laws or regulations or new interpretations of existing laws or regulations applicable to our business;•changes in accounting standards, policies, guidelines, interpretations or principles;•any major change in our management; and•other events or factors, including those resulting from war, incidents of terrorism or responses to these events.In addition, the stock market in general, and the market for technology companies in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. Broad market and industry factors may seriously affect the market price of our shares, regardless of our actual operating performance. In the past, following periods of volatility in the overall market and the market prices of particular companies’ securities, securities class action litigations have often been instituted against these companies. Litigation of this type, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management’s attention and resources.Our Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association contain provisions to limit the ability of others to acquire control of our company through non-negotiated transactions. These provisions could have the effect of depriving our shareholders of an opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of our company in a tender offer or similar transaction. For example, our board of directors has the authority to issue undesignated, or “blank-check,” preferred shares without shareholder approval. As a result, our board of directors could authorize and issue a series of preferred shares with terms calculated to delay or prevent a change in control of our company or make removal of management more difficult, which may not be in the interests of holders of our ordinary shares. In addition, our board is staggered and divided into three classes, with each class subject to re-election once every three years on a rotating basis, special meeting of shareholders may only be called by a specified group of directors, executives or shareholders and shareholders must comply with advance notice provisions in order to bring business before or nominate directors for election at shareholder meetings. As a result, shareholders would be prevented from electing an entirely new board of directors at any annual meeting and the ability of shareholders to change the membership of a majority of our board of directors may be delayed.Because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law, shareholders may face difficulties in protecting their interests, and the ability to protect rights through U.S. courts may be limited.We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Our corporate affairs are governed by our Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association, the Companies Act (as amended) of the Cayman Islands and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against the directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands and we have adopted an exclusive forum by law that requires certain shareholder litigations regarding such matters to be brought in Cayman Islands Courts. These exclusive forum provisions do not apply to claims under U.S. federal securities laws. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands.Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies. Our directors have discretion under our existing articles of association to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for shareholders to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.In addition, the Cayman Islands courts are also unlikely (1) to recognize or enforce against us judgments of courts of the United States based on certain civil liability provisions of U.S. securities laws, or (2) to impose liabilities against us, in original actions brought in the Cayman Islands, based on certain civil liability provisions of U.S. securities laws that are penal in nature. There is no statutory recognition in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the United States, although the courts of the Cayman Islands will in certain circumstances recognize and enforce a foreign judgment of a foreign court of competent jurisdiction without any re-examination of the merits at common law.As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of the board of directors or large shareholders than they would as shareholders of a public company incorporated in the United States.On May 22, 2024, a putative shareholder class action complaint was filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois (Hamby v. Cambium Networks Corporation et al, Case No. 1:24-cv-04240) against us and three of our current or former officers. The complaint purported to assert claims under Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act, Exchange Act Rule 10b-5, and Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act, on behalf of persons and entities who acquired our ordinary shares between May 8, 2023, and January 18, 2024, or the Class Period. The complaint alleged that, during the Class Period, the Company and certain of its executive officers made false and misleading statements and failed to disclose material adverse facts about its business, operations, and prospects in violation of Sections 10(b) (and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act. Any adverse determination in litigation could also subject us to significant monetary liabilities.Our directors may have conflicts of interest because of their ownership of equity interests of, and their employment with, our majority shareholders or its affiliates.Two of our directors hold ownership interests in Vector Capital as well as ownership in and employment positions with its affiliates. Ownership interests in Vector Capital by our directors could create, or appear to create, potential conflicts of interest when our directors are faced with decisions that could have different implications for us and for Vector Capital or its affiliates. Conflicts of interest may not be resolved in our favor. General risksIf we are unable to manage our growth and expand our operations successfully, our business and operating results will be harmed. In recent years, we have substantially curtailed our operations to better align our cost structure with our revenues and operating results. These actions may reduce our ability to return to profitable growth, and may result in retention issues and other disruption. To manage our operations effectively, we must increasingly rely on information technology, financial infrastructure, our operating and administrative systems and controls, and our ability to manage headcount, capital and processes in an efficient manner. We may not be able to successfully implement improvements to these systems and processes in a timely or efficient manner, which could result in additional operating inefficiencies and could cause us to experience higher costs than planned. If we are unable to manage operations effectively, our ability to provide high quality products and services could be harmed, which could damage our reputation and brand and may have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.Our business is subject to the risks of earthquakes, fire, floods and other catastrophic events, and to interruption by manmade problems such as network security breaches, computer viruses, terrorism and war.We have substantial operations in Illinois, California, England and India, and our third-party manufacturers are currently predominantly located in Vietnam, Thailand, Taiwan and the Philippines. Operations in some of these areas are susceptible to disruption due to severe weather, seismic activity, political unrest and other factors. For example, a significant natural disaster, such as an earthquake, a fire or a flood, occurring at the facilities of one of our third-party manufacturers could have a material adverse impact on their ability to manufacture and timely deliver our products. Despite the implementation of network security measures, we also may be vulnerable to computer viruses, break-ins and similar disruptions from unauthorized tampering with our solutions. In addition, natural disasters, acts of terrorism or war could cause disruptions in the businesses of our suppliers, manufacturers, network operators or the economy as a whole. To the extent that any such disruptions result in delays or cancellations of orders or impede our ability to timely deliver our products, or the deployment of our products, our business, operating results and financial condition would be adversely affected.The continued threat of terrorism and heightened security and military action in response thereto, or any other current or future acts of terrorism, war (such as the on-going Russia-Ukraine war and the war in the Middle East), and other events (such as economic sanctions and trade restrictions, including those related to the on-going Russia-Ukraine war) may cause further disruptions to the economies of the United States and other countries and create further uncertainties or could otherwise negatively impact our business, operating results, and financial condition. Likewise, events such as loss of infrastructure and utilities services such as energy, transportation, or telecommunications could have similar negative impacts. To the extent that such disruptions or uncertainties result in delays or cancellations of customer orders or the manufacture or shipment of our products, our business, operating results, and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected. Unresolved Staff Comments. None. Item 1C. CybersecurityCybersecurity Risk Management and StrategyInformation about cybersecurity risks and our risk management processes is collected, analyzed and considered as part of our overall enterprise risk management program. Our cybersecurity program has been built around the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) framework with flexibility to support our product development, deployment, operations, and monitoring. The NIST framework organizes cybersecurity risks into five categories: identify, protect, detect, respond and recover, with an emphasis on prevention, detection and mitigation. The key elements of our efforts to identify, prevent, mitigate, and remediate cybersecurity risks and incidents through our cybersecurity risk management program include:•We collect and analyze information about cybersecurity risks as part of our risk management program and monitor and discuss public alerts, threat levels, trends and remediation.•All employees receive periodic cybersecurity training and are exposed to phishing simulations designed to educate concerning the recognition of cybersecurity threats.•We use various security tools, including internal reporting, monitoring, and bug bounty programs, to identify vulnerabilities in our products.•Regular system updates and patching are done to protect our hardware and software against security vulnerabilities.•We conduct simulations, drills, and penetration testing to test our defenses and monitor threat levels, including the periodic performance of simulations and tabletop exercises to test our policies, incorporating external resources and advisors as needed.•We have controls and procedures in place for prompt escalation of cybersecurity incidents and regularly evaluate and update contingency planning, including plans in the event that a portion of our information resources were to be unavailable due to a cybersecurity incident.•We partner with third-party security consultants to review our incident response process and ensure our programs align with industry standards.•We assess the cybersecurity preparedness of key vendors, review any reports on system and organizations controls, before onboarding and monitor their vulnerabilities, including any publicly reported vulnerabilities. This process includes risk assessments, security questionnaires, review of vendor security programs, review of available security assessments, reports, and audits. Depending on the nature of the services provided, the sensitivity of the information systems and data at issue, and the type of provider, our vendor management process may involve different levels of assessment designed to help identify cybersecurity risks associated with a provider and impose contractual obligations related to cybersecurity on the provider.•We have a cybersecurity risk insurance policy.Risk AssessmentWhile we have not experienced any prior cybersecurity incidents that have materially affected us, including our operations, business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition, we experience cyber-attacks and other attempts to gain unauthorized access to our systems on a regular basis, and we anticipate continuing to be subject to such attempts. Despite our implementation of security measures, (i) our products and services, and (ii) the servers, data centers, and cloud-based solutions on which our and third-party data is stored, are vulnerable to cyber-attacks, data breaches, malware, and disruptions from unauthorized access, tampering or other theft or misuse, including by employees, malicious actors or inadvertent error. We face certain ongoing risks from cybersecurity threats that, if realized, are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our operations, business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. See “Risk Factors -Cyber-attacks, data breaches or malware may disrupt our operations, harm our operating results and financial condition, and damage our reputation or otherwise materially harm our business; and cyber-attacks or data breaches on our customers’ networks, or in cloud-based services provided by or enabled by us, could result in claims of liability against us, damage our reputation or otherwise materially harm our business” and“-Vulnerabilities and critical security defects, prioritization decisions regarding remedying vulnerabilities or security defects, failure of third-party providers to remedy vulnerabilities or security defects, or customers not deploying security releases or deciding not to upgrade products, services or solutions could result in claims of liability against us, damage our reputation, or otherwise materially harm our business.”Cybersecurity GovernanceCybersecurity risk is part of management's risk oversight, although periodic reports are made to the board of directors of management's implementation and monitoring of our cybersecurity risks programs. Our board of directors addresses our cybersecurity risk management as part of its general oversight function, and the board of directors receives periodic reports from management on the results of our tabletop exercises designed to test our response to cybersecurity and other business interruption situations. Management will update the board, as necessary, regarding any significant cybersecurity incidents should they occur, following the controls and procedures laid out in our business continuity, disaster recovery, data breach and crisis management plans that are designed to ensure prompt escalation of certain cybersecurity incidents, so that decisions regarding public disclosure and reporting of such incidents can be made by management and the board of directors in a timely manner. 43 Our cybersecurity team is led by our intellectual technology team, including personnel with substantial experience in protecting the security of our products. Our IT team and risk management reports to our SVP, Product Line Management, and is aided by members of our product development team who advise on any impacted products, legal as required to review notice and other requirements, and other departments as needed.

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