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Once a year, publicly traded companies issue a comprehensive report of their business, called a 10-K. A component mandated in the 10-K is the ‘Risk Factors’ section, where companies disclose any major potential risks that they may face. This dashboard highlights all major changes and additions in new 10K reports, allowing investors to quickly identify new potential risks and opportunities.

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Risk Factors - SKYT

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

Our operations and financial results are subject to various risks and uncertainties, including those described below, that could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, and the trading price of our common stock. Some statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including statements in the following risk factors, constitute forward-looking statements. Please refer to the section entitled “Special Note Regarding Forward Looking Statements” for more information.

Risks Relating to Our Business and Our Industry

If either of our semiconductor foundries is damaged or becomes inoperable, we will be unable to develop or produce wafers in a timely manner, if at all, and our business would be materially adversely affected.

We currently perform our manufacturing and design services at our foundry facilities in Bloomington, Minnesota and Kissimmee, Florida. Our foundry operations and the equipment we use to manufacture wafers would be costly to replace and could require substantial lead time to repair or replace. Our foundry facilities or equipment may be harmed or rendered inoperable by physical damage from fire, floods, tornadoes, hurricanes, power loss, telecommunications or mechanical failures, break-ins, and similar events, which may render it difficult or impossible for us to produce or test products for a considerable period of time. If any of the foregoing events occur, we may incur significant additional costs including, among other things, loss of profits due to unplanned temporary or permanent shutdowns of our foundries, cleanup costs, liability for damages or injuries, and legal, repair, and reconstruction expenses, which would harm our results of operations and financial condition. In addition, because any substitute facility must hold any required licensures or certifications, we may be limited in our ability to rely on a third party to perform interim design and manufacturing services or testing processes. We cannot provide any assurance that we would be able to find another semiconductor foundry that is capable or willing to design and produce wafers in compliance with applicable specifications, or that such a substitute foundry would be willing to produce wafers for us on commercially reasonable terms. A substitute foundry may not have rights to intellectual property of others that is necessary to design, manufacture, and test products for us, and we may not be permitted to extend our license rights to a substitute foundry.

Defects or performance problems in our products could result in loss of customers, reputational damage, and decreased revenue, and we may face warranty, indemnity, and product liability claims arising from defective products.

Although our products are tested to meet our stringent quality requirements, they may contain undetected errors or defects, especially when first introduced or when new generations are released. We typically provide a one-year warranty on the operability of the products we design and manufacture. Defective components may give rise to warranty, indemnity, or product liability claims against us that exceed any revenue or profit we receive from the affected products.

If we do not achieve satisfactory yields or quality, our reputation and customer relationships could be harmed.

The fabrication of wafers is a complex and technically demanding process. Minor deviations in the manufacturing process can cause substantial decreases in yields and, in some cases, cause production to be suspended. Changes in manufacturing processes or the use of defective or contaminated materials could result in lower than anticipated production yields or unacceptable performance of our wafers. Many of these problems are difficult to detect at an early stage of the manufacturing process and may be time-consuming and expensive to correct. We also may experience manufacturing problems in achieving acceptable yields as a result of, among other things, transferring production to other facilities, upgrading or expanding existing facilities, or changing our process technologies. Poor production or defects, integration issues, or other performance problems in our solutions could significantly harm our customer relationships and financial results and give rise to financial or other damages to our customers.

Our customers may cancel their orders, change production quantities, or delay production, and if we fail to forecast demand accurately, we may incur supply shortages or lose revenue.

We generally do not obtain firm long-term purchase commitments from our customers. Because production lead times often exceed the amount of time required to fulfill orders, we often must build our products in advance of orders, relying on an imperfect demand forecast to optimize use of our manufacturing capacity.

Our demand forecast accuracy can be adversely affected by a number of factors, including inaccurate forecasting by our customers, changes in market conditions, and demand for our customers’ products. Even after an order is received, our customers may cancel these orders or request a decrease in production quantities. Any such cancellation or decrease subjects us to a number of risks, most notably that our projected sales will not materialize on schedule or at all, leading to unanticipated revenue shortfalls and excess manufacturing capacity. Either underestimating or overestimating demand could lead to insufficient, excess or obsolete inventory, which could harm our operating results, cash flow and financial condition, as well as our relationships with our customers.

A material decrease in demand for products that contain semiconductors may decrease the demand for our services and products, and a decrease in the selling prices of our customers’ products may significantly affect our business, financial results and financial position.

Our customers generally use the semiconductors produced in our fab in a wide variety of applications. Any significant decrease in the demand for end-market devices or products may decrease the demand for our services and products. In addition, if the average selling prices of end-market devices or products decline significantly, we may be pressured to reduce our selling prices, which may reduce our revenues and margins significantly. As demonstrated in the past by downturns in demand for high technology products, market conditions can change rapidly, without warning or advance notice. In such instances, our customers may experience inventory buildup or difficulties in selling their products and, in turn, may reduce or cancel orders for wafers from us, which may harm our business and profitability. The timing, severity and recovery of these downturns cannot be predicted. In order for demand for our wafer fabrication services to increase, the markets for the end products utilizing the ICs that we manufacture must develop and expand. Because our services may be used in many new applications, it is difficult to forecast demand. If demand is lower than expected, we may have excess capacity and our revenue may not be sufficient to cover all our costs and serve all our debt, which may adversely affect our financial results and financial position.

Our industry has experienced rapid technological changes, and new technologies may prove difficult to commercialize or may not gain market acceptance by our customers, which may have a material adverse effect on demand for our products and service offerings.

The industry in which we operate is subject to rapid technological change, industry standards, and technological obsolescence. Our future success will depend on our ability to appropriately respond to changing technologies, including significant developments in wafer production and changes in function of products and quality on a timely and cost-effective basis. If we adopt products and technologies that are not attractive to customers, we may not be successful in capturing or retaining our share of the market. If we fail to adopt new or enhanced technologies or processes, we could experience product obsolescence, loss of competitiveness of our products, decreased revenue, and a loss of market share to competitors. In addition, some new technologies are relatively untested and unperfected and may not perform as expected or as desired, in which event our and our customers’ adoption of such products or technologies may adversely affect our revenues, profitability, and business.

We have a finite amount of production capacity, and to the extent customer demand exceeds our capacity, we may lose customers and potential revenues.

We currently have limited or no redundancy in certain of our manufacturing tooling and infrastructure equipment, and we may lose revenue and be unable to maintain our customer relationships if we lose our production capacity.

If our foundries become incapable of manufacturing products for any reason, including as a result of manufacturing tooling or infrastructure equipment failure, we may be unable to meet production requirements, lose revenue, and not be able to maintain our relationships with our customers. Without full production capacity at our foundries, we would have no other means of manufacturing products until we were able to restore the manufacturing capability at these facilities or develop one or more alternative manufacturing facilities. Although we carry business interruption insurance to cover lost revenue and profits in an amount we consider adequate, this insurance does not cover all possible situations. In addition, our business interruption insurance would not compensate us for the loss of opportunity and potential adverse impact on relations with our existing customers resulting from our inability to produce products for them.

A significant portion of our sales comes from three customers, the loss of which would adversely affect our financial results.

Infineon accounted for 7% and 17% of our revenue for fiscal years ended December 29, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. We currently sell to a relatively small number of customers in total, and we expect our operating results will likely continue to depend on sales to a relatively small number of customers for the foreseeable future. We cannot be certain that these customers will generate significant revenue for us in the future or if these customer relationships will continue to develop. If our relationships with our other customers do not continue to develop, we may not be able to expand our customer base or maintain or increase our revenue. In addition, the loss or reduction in volume or sales price, whether due to their insolvency, or their unwillingness or inability to perform their obligations under their respective relationships with us, or if we are unable to renew or engage with them in commercially reasonable terms, or attract new customers to replace such lost business, may materially negatively impact our overall business. This is exacerbated by our current manufacturing constraints which limit our ability to sell to other customers. In addition, our business is affected by competition in the markets for the end products that our customers sell, and any decline in their business could harm our business and cause our revenue to decline.

We may not be able to successfully diversify our customer base and penetrate new markets, which would negatively impact our growth strategy.

Our growth strategy depends on our ability to diversify our customer base and penetrate new markets. If we are unable to attract new customers, our customer revenue could remain highly concentrated. In addition, even if we add new customers, they may not require high levels of production, negatively impacting our growth strategy. Our growth strategy may also be adversely affected if we are unable to enter new markets, such as the rad-hard electronic markets. Because we face competition from companies with substantially greater production and marketing resources than we have, we may not be able to penetrate these new markets successfully.

Our expansion strategy carries inherent risks.

Our growth strategy includes, among other matters, diversifying our customer base, growing our presence in existing markets, expanding into new end markets, and seeking acquisition opportunities to drive growth. Although management believes that pursuing our growth strategy is in our best interests, such strategy involves substantial expenditures and risks. For example, business acquisitions or strategic partnerships pursued in connection with our growth strategy may not be completed successfully or, if completed, may not yield the expected benefits to us. In addition, such business acquisitions or strategic partnerships may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. The pursuit of expansion opportunities through business acquisitions, joint ventures, stockholder agreements, government contracts or otherwise could result in operating losses and the impairment of assets, which would increase our losses or reduce or eliminate our earnings, if any.

We depend on successful parts and materials procurement for our foundries.

The raw materials used to manufacture our products are subject to availability constraints and price volatility caused by weather, supply conditions, government regulations, general economic conditions and other unpredictable factors. In the event that these or other raw materials we acquire from third parties further increase in price, we will be required to further increase the prices we charge our customers, which could result in decreased sales, or we may not be permitted under our customer agreements to increase the cost to our customers, which could result in a loss or in decreased profits. Customers also may seek alternative sources of raw materials for comparable products. If either of these events occur, our business and operations may be materially impacted.

Our dependence on a limited number of third-party suppliers for key components and capital equipment used in our manufacturing process could prevent us from delivering our products to our customers within required timeframes, which could result in order cancellations and loss of market share.

We manufacture our products using components and capital equipment procured from a limited number of third-party suppliers. In some instances, the capital equipment we use has been developed and made specifically for us or for a customer, is not readily available from multiple vendors and would be difficult to repair or replace if it were to become damaged or stop working. If we fail to develop or maintain our relationships with these or our other suppliers, we may be unable to manufacture our products or our products may be available only at a higher cost or after a long delay, which could prevent us from delivering our products to our customers within required timeframes and we may experience order cancellation and loss of market share. To the extent the designs or processes that our suppliers use to manufacture components and capital equipment are proprietary, we may be unable to obtain comparable components or capital equipment from alternative suppliers. The failure of a supplier to supply components or capital equipment in a timely manner, or to supply components or capital equipment that meets our quality, quantity, and cost requirements, could impair our ability to manufacture our products or decrease costs to our customers, particularly if we are unable to obtain substitute sources of these components or capital equipment on a timely basis or on terms acceptable to us.

The costs incurred by us to provide development services and manufacture our wafers may be higher than anticipated, which could hurt our ability to earn a profit.

If, despite our process controls currently in place, the wafer fabrication process shifts, it may cause electrical or performance yield loss. Wafer fabrication is also especially susceptible to interruptions caused by process tooling errors or facility support interruptions such as power loss, leading to the potential for scrap. If the milestone scope is unexpectedly difficult, we may be required to continue expending effort and funds to achieve the milestone, which may delay revenue and increase costs. Unanticipated costs may force us to obtain additional capital or financing from other sources and would hinder our ability to earn a profit. If we incur cost overruns, there is no assurance that we could obtain the financing or capital to cover them.

A breach of our security systems or a cyberattack that disrupts our operations or results in the breach of confidential information about us, our technology, or our customers could harm our business and reputation, and could expose us to costly regulatory enforcement and other liability.

Our security systems are designed to maintain the physical security of our facilities and protect the confidential information and trade secrets of our customers, suppliers, and employees. The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyberattacks, including by computer hackers, foreign governments, and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity, and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. A failure to comply with cybersecurity requirements imposed by those entities may result in fines or a disruption of our ability to acquire certain contracts. Criminal or other threat actors may seek to penetrate our network security and misappropriate or compromise our confidential information, systems or trade secrets, or that of our customers, create system disruptions, or cause shutdowns. If such an event were to be discovered or cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a material reduction in the value of our trade secrets or disruption of our development and production programs, and our business operations, including, without limitation, the cancellation or delay of our sales of wafers. The costs to address the foregoing security problems and any security vulnerabilities identified before or after a cybersecurity incident could be significant. Remediation efforts may not be successful and could result in interruptions, delays, or cessation of service and loss of existing or potential customers that may impede our sales or other critical functions. Breaches of our security measures and the unapproved dissemination of proprietary information, such as trade secrets, or sensitive or confidential data about us or our customers, could expose us, our customers, or other affected third parties to a risk of loss or misuse of this information, result in regulatory enforcement, litigation and potential liability for us, and damage our brand and reputation or otherwise harm our business. Our security program includes controls intended to mitigate risks to our systems, data, personnel, and facilities. The program includes logical and physical controls designed to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our resources. Performance of these controls is accomplished by both internal and trusted third parties. Possible security problems and security vulnerabilities of those third-party cybersecurity or other vendors may have similar effects on us. The potential consequences of a future material cybersecurity incident may include reputational damage, litigation with third parties, government enforcement actions, penalties, disruption to our systems or operations of our facilities, unauthorized release of confidential or otherwise protected information, corruption of data, diminution in the value of our investment in research, development and engineering, increased cybersecurity protection costs and unplanned remediation costs, which in turn could adversely affect our business strategy, results of operations and financial condition.

We may use artificial intelligence in our business and operations, and challenges with properly managing its use could harm our business and expose us to costly liability.

We may incorporate artificial intelligence technologies, including generative artificial intelligence and machine learning, into our product development processes, services and operations. Our use of artificial intelligence technologies carries inherent risks, and there can be no assurance that our use of artificial intelligence will enhance our products or services or achieve any improvements in innovation or efficiency. In addition, we could be exposed to liability as a result of any misuse of artificial intelligence and machine learning-technology by our personnel while carrying out Company responsibilities. We also face risks of competitive disadvantage if our competitors more effectively use artificial intelligence to drive internal efficiencies or create new or enhanced products or services. If we fail to properly manage our use of artificial intelligence in our business and operations, our business could be harmed or we could be exposed to costly liability, which in turn could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We operate in the highly cyclical semiconductor industry, which is subject to significant downturns that may negatively impact our results of operations.

The semiconductor industry is highly cyclical and is characterized by rapid technological change and price erosion, wide fluctuations in product supply and demand, evolving technical standards, and short product life-cycles for semiconductors and the end-user products in which they are used. In addition, changes in general economic conditions also can cause significant upturns and downturns in the semiconductor industry. During previous periods of downturns in the semiconductor industry, we have experienced diminished demand for end-user products and underutilization of manufacturing capacity, among other effects. We may experience renewed, and possibly more severe and prolonged, industry downturns in the future as a result of such cyclical changes. We base our planned operating expenses in part on our expectations of future revenue, and a significant portion of our expenses is relatively fixed in the short term. If an industry downturn or other unforeseen event causes revenue for a particular quarter to be lower than we initially expected, we likely will be unable to proportionately reduce our operating expenses for that quarter, which would harm our operating results.

Because the markets in which we compete are highly competitive and many of our competitors have greater resources than us, we may not be able to compete successfully, and we may lose or be unable to gain market share.

We compete with a large number of competitors in the semiconductor market, including Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited, United Microelectronics Corporation, Vanguard International Semiconductor Corporation, Tower Semiconductor Ltd., X-FAB Silicon Foundries SE, ON Semiconductor Corporation, GlobalFoundries Inc., MIT Lincoln Labs, and Silex Microsystems. We expect to face increased competition in the future. Many of our current and potential competitors have longer operating histories, greater name recognition, access to larger customer bases, and significantly greater financial, sales and marketing, manufacturing, distribution, technical, and other resources than us. As a result, they may be able to respond more quickly to changing customer demands or to devote greater resources to the development, promotion, and sales of their products than we can. Our business relies on sales of our products and our competitors with more diversified product offerings may be better positioned to withstand a decline in the demand for semiconductor products. Some of our competitors have longer term relationships with polysilicon providers which could result in them being able to obtain raw materials on a more favorable basis than us. It is possible that new competitors or alliances among existing competitors could emerge and rapidly acquire significant market share, which would harm our business. If we fail to compete successfully, our business would suffer and we may lose or be unable to gain market share.

In addition, from time to time, governments may provide subsidies or make other investments that could further magnify the competitive advantages to our competitors with longer operating histories, greater name recognition, and access to larger customer bases. For example, as discussed above, in August 2022, the U.S. enacted the CHIPS and Science Act, which, among other things, provides funding to increase domestic production and research and development in the semiconductor industry. In December 2023, we submitted an application for CHIPS and Science Act funding for modernization and equipment upgrades to enhance production at our Minnesota fab. In December 2024, we signed a preliminary memorandum of terms that provides for up to $16 million in funding pursuant to the CHIPS and Science Act, which will be combined with $19 million in incentives from the State of Minnesota’s Forward Fund. However, there is no guarantee that we will receive any such CHIPS and Science Act funding pursuant to the preliminary memorandum of terms or otherwise, such funding may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all (including as a result of any modification or repeal of the CHIPS and Science Act). Further, the CHIPS and Science Act requires companies to adhere to various performance obligations, which we may not achieve. Regardless of whether we receive any CHIPS and Science Act funding, many of our competitors may have received or receive in the future CHIPS and Science Act funding and benefit from the investments, which could help increase their production capacity, shorten their lead time, and gain market share. These competitive pressures could distort the market space in which we operate and materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Existing or future customers could eventually transition their business to a competitor with a higher production capacity or lower-cost means of production.

As a result of our smaller manufacturing footprint, we target opportunities that larger competitors are unable to fulfill efficiently. These contracts are typically lower volume but require higher levels of customization and engineering expertise. Rapid growth in demand for a customer’s products could outpace our capacity, causing that customer to supplement or fully transition production to a higher volume foundry. In addition, as a customer’s product matures,

demand for customization and engineering expertise may decrease, causing downward pricing pressure or forcing the customer to seek lower-cost means of production than are economically feasible for us. Although we are seeking to increase our customer and production mixes, the loss of one or more significant customers as a result of any such customer developments could have a material adverse impact on our financial results.

We are party to public-private partnerships, and if we or our counterparties fail to meet the obligations of our agreements, or if we are not able to realize some or all of the anticipated benefits of such partnerships in the anticipated time frame or at all, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

In 2021, we expanded our operations with the addition of the Center for NeoVation, a advanced packaging facility in Kissimmee, Florida. The facility is operated and maintained by SkyWater through a public-private partnership with Osceola County, Florida, which is developing a broader technology and STEM education infrastructure at the same campus where the Center for NeoVation is located. In addition, in July 2022, we announced our plans to build a production and research and development facility in West Lafayette, Indiana through a public-private partnership with the State of Indiana and Purdue University. Failure to satisfy the obligations of the agreements’ terms, including the milestones we have committed to achieve, may give rise to certain rights and remedies of the counterparties, including, for example, termination of such agreement and other related agreements and potential recoupment of a percentage of the grant funding and other benefits received, subject to the terms and conditions of the applicable agreements. We may also be subject to lawsuits or claims for damages against us if we are unable to comply with our obligations under these arrangements, which could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. Furthermore, there is no guarantee that the counterparties to our public-private partnerships will comply with the terms of the agreements, including that their ability to fund their capital commitments under the agreements may be subject to their ability to raise additional capital and that further construction or operational timetables may not be met. Public-private partnerships are also subject to risks associated with government and government agency counterparties, including risks related to government relations compliance, sovereign immunity, shifts in the political environment, changing economic and legal conditions and social dynamics.

Planned efficiency and cost-savings initiatives could disrupt our operations or adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition, and we may not realize some or all of the anticipated benefits of such initiatives in the anticipated time frame or at all.

We are currently pursuing several efforts to improve profitability of our operations, including, but not limited to, efficiency improvements, cost reductions, supplier pricing negotiation, and workforce reorganizations. These efforts, if implemented successfully, are planned to have an impact on our short-term and long-term financial results. In addition, our ability to complete our efficiency and cost-savings initiatives and achieve the anticipated benefits within the expected time frame is subject to estimates and assumptions and may vary materially from our expectations, including as a result of factors that are beyond our control. Furthermore, our efforts to grow our business could be delayed or jeopardized through planned or inadvertent results of cost-savings initiatives.

Our success depends in large part upon our ability to continue to attract, train, motivate, and retain highly skilled and experienced employees, including technical personnel. Qualified technical employees periodically are in great demand and may be unavailable on the timing required to satisfy our customers’ requirements. Our business requires sufficient technical expertise and expansion of our business could require us to employ additional highly skilled technical personnel. We expect competition for such personnel to increase as the market for our products expands. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to attract and retain sufficient numbers of highly skilled technical employees in the future. In addition, an important aspect of attracting and retaining qualified personnel is continuing to offer competitive wages, employee healthcare, retirement and other benefits. The expenses we record for our employee benefit plans depend on factors such as changes in market interest rates and healthcare cost inflation, and significant unfavorable changes in these factors could increase our expenses and funding requirements. The loss of personnel or our inability to hire or retain sufficient personnel at competitive rates of compensation could impair our ability to secure and complete customer engagements and could harm our business. If the competition for personnel necessitates that we increase the wages and benefits paid to our current employees and to attract new employees, our operating expenses will increase, which would negatively impact our earnings.

We may face litigation in the future, including potential product liability claims.

As a manufacturer and seller of goods, we are exposed to the risk of litigation for a variety of reasons, including product liability lawsuits, employee lawsuits, commercial contract disputes, government enforcement actions, and other

legal proceedings. Any future litigation in which we may become involved may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, operating results, business performance, and business reputation. If one of our products were to cause injury to someone or cause property damage, including as a result of product malfunctions, defects, or improper installation, then we could be exposed to product liability claims. We could incur significant costs and liabilities if we are sued and if damages are awarded against us. Further, any product liability claim we face could be expensive to defend and could divert management’s attention. The successful assertion of a product liability claim against us could result in potentially significant monetary damages, penalties or fines, subject us to adverse publicity, damage our reputation and competitive position, and adversely affect sales of our products.

We are exposed to various possible claims and hazards relating to our business, and our insurance may not fully protect us.

Although we maintain modest business disruption, theft, casualty, liability, and property insurance coverage, along with worker’s compensation and related insurance, we may incur uninsured liabilities and losses as a result of the conduct of our business. In particular, we may incur liability if one or more of our products is deemed to have caused a personal injury or if we experience damage to our facilities or disruptions in our business, whether or not such disruptions result from damage at our facilities. Should uninsured losses occur, they could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, financial condition, and business performance. Further, we cannot be sure that any such insurance will be sufficient to cover any actual losses or that such insurance will continue to be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all.

As a result of changes to U.S. and foreign government trade policies, there may be changes to existing trade agreements, greater restrictions on free trade generally, and imposition of or significant increases in tariffs on imported products, particularly tariffs on products manufactured in China, Canada and Mexico, among other possible changes. We procure certain materials, tools, and maintenance parts which are essential in the manufacturing of our products directly or indirectly from outside of the United States. The imposition of or increases in tariffs and other potential changes in U.S. trade policy could increase the cost or limit the availability of these essential materials, tools, and maintenance parts, which could hurt our competitive position and adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations in several ways. For example, the increase in costs and risk of supply chain interruption could drive some of our foreign customers to overseas foundries. In addition, availability concerns with respect to some of our essential materials, tools, and maintenance parts could also prompt a lengthy and expensive search for alternative sources which would necessitate requalification cycles and production delays.

We are exposed to risks associated with a potential financial crisis and weaker global economy.

The market for the installation of wafers depends largely on commercial, customer, and government capital spending. Economic uncertainty exacerbates negative trends in these areas of spending, and may cause our customers to delay, cancel, or refrain from placing orders, which may reduce our sales. Difficulties in obtaining capital or further deteriorating market conditions may also lead to the inability of some customers to obtain affordable financing. Further, these conditions and uncertainty about future economic conditions may make it challenging for us to obtain equity and debt financing to meet our working capital requirements to support our business, forecast our operating results, make business decisions, and identify the risks that may affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. If we are unable to timely and appropriately adapt to changes resulting from the difficult macroeconomic environment, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Our sales cycles are long and unpredictable, and our sales efforts require considerable time and expense, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

Sales of our products usually require lengthy sales cycles. Sales to our customers can be complex and require us to educate our clients about our technical capabilities and the use and benefits of our services. Customers typically undertake a significant evaluation and acceptance process, and their decisions frequently are influenced by budgetary constraints, technology evaluations, multiple approvals and unplanned administrative, processing, and other delays. We spend substantial time, effort, and money in our sales efforts without any assurance that our efforts will generate long-term contracts. If we do not realize the sales we expect from potential clients, our revenue and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Certain of our purchase orders are cancellable until shortly before the start of production, and our lack of significant backlog makes it difficult for us to forecast our revenues and margins in future periods and may cause actual revenue and results to fall short of expectations.

Our purchase orders often are cancellable until shortly before the start of production, and we do not typically operate with any significant backlog, which makes it difficult for us to forecast our revenues in future periods. In addition, since our expense levels are based in part on our expectations of future revenues, we may be unable to adjust costs in a

timely manner to compensate for revenue shortfalls caused by cancellations, rescheduling of orders, or lower actual orders than quantities forecasted. Rescheduling may relate to quantities or delivery dates, and sometimes relates to the specifications of the products we are shipping. Consequently, we cannot be certain that orders on backlog will be shipped when expected or at all. While customers will typically provide twelve-month rolling forecasts, we expect that, in the future, our revenues in any quarter will continue to be substantially dependent upon cancellable purchase orders received in the immediately preceding quarter or two. We cannot provide any assurance that any of our customers will continue to place orders with us in the future at the same levels as in prior periods. For these reasons, our backlog at any given date may not be a reliable indicator of our future revenues and, as a result, revenue and margin forecasts, targets and guidance that we provide from time to time may fall short of expectations.

We may manufacture wafers based on forecasted demand, and if our forecasted demand exceeds actual demand, we may accumulate obsolete inventory, which may have a negative impact on our financial results.

We target manufacturing wafers in an amount matching each customer’s specific purchase order. On occasion, we may produce wafers in excess of a customer’s orders based on forecasted customer demand, because we may forecast future excess demand or because of future capacity constraints. If we manufacture more wafers than are actually ordered by customers, we may be left with excess inventory that may ultimately become obsolete and must be scrapped or sold at a significant discount. Significant amounts of obsolete inventory may have a negative impact on our financial results.

Earthquakes, fires, power outages, floods, terrorist attacks, wars, public health issues, and other catastrophic events could disrupt our business and ability to serve our customers and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.

Although our foundry operation center is designed to be redundant and to offer seamless backup support in an emergency, we rely on two onsite data centers in addition to public cloud providers to sustain our operations. Losing any one of these three infrastructure sources could severely impact our operations. In addition, our ability to deliver our solutions as agreed with our customers depends on the ability of our supply chain, manufacturing vendors or logistics providers to deliver products or perform services we have procured from them. The adverse impacts of these risks may increase if the disaster recovery plans for us and our suppliers prove to be inadequate.

Our operating results may prove unpredictable, which could negatively affect our profit.

Our operating results fluctuate and may continue to fluctuate in the future due to a variety of factors, many of which we have no control over. Factors that may cause our operating results to fluctuate significantly include: our inability to generate enough working capital from sales; the level of commercial acceptance by clients of our products; fluctuations in the demand for our services; the amount and timing of operating costs and capital expenditures relating to expansion of our business, operations, and infrastructure; the timing and recognition of revenue and related expenses; adverse litigation judgments, settlements, or other litigation-related costs; our ability to increase sales to existing customers and to renew contracts with our customers; the ability of our customers to obtain funding to pay for our products and services; our ability to attract new customers; our ability to secure government incentives and grants, such as funding available to U.S. semiconductor manufacturers under the CHIPS and Science Act; changes in our pricing policies or those of our competitors; our ability to manage the impacts of inflationary pressures and interest rate fluctuations; our customers obtaining the technical knowledge and other resources to complete the design and development of their technologies; and changing general economic conditions. If realized, any of these risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.

As a public company, we are obligated to develop and maintain proper and effective internal control over financial reporting and any failure to maintain the adequacy of these internal controls may adversely affect investor confidence in our company and, as a result, the value of our common stock.

We are required, pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, to furnish a report by our management on, among other matters, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. This assessment includes disclosure of any material weaknesses identified by our management in our internal control over financial reporting. Our independent registered public accounting firm will not be required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting until our first annual report required to be filed with the SEC following the date we are no longer an “emerging growth company.” We are required to disclose significant changes made in our internal control procedures on a quarterly basis.

As disclosed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we continue to have a material weakness in the revenue accounting process of our internal control over financial reporting. This material weakness could result in a material

misstatement of account balances or disclosures in the annual or interim consolidated financial statements that would not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

With the oversight of the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors, in fiscal year 2024, the Company continued to execute its plans to remediate the material weakness in the revenue accounting process, including the implementation of additional controls supporting the completeness and accuracy of the data used to process revenue transactions and the enhancement of control attributes supporting the execution of existing management review controls. Despite these improvements, as of December 29, 2024 and through the date of filing this Annual Report on Form 10-K, an inappropriate level of privileged access to the Company’s manufacturing application and its databases used in the revenue accounting process remains. IT general controls were not sufficient in design as the Company did not maintain controls over the provisioning and deprovisioning of privileged user access or the monitoring of that access. As data is obtained from these databases to process revenue transactions, IT-dependent manual revenue controls that rely on data from the manufacturing application and its databases were also deemed ineffective because they could have been adversely impacted by the access deficiencies. When aggregating this issue with other less severe revenue control deficiencies, we were unable to remediate the revenue accounting process material weakness as of December 29, 2024. While we believe our remediation efforts in fiscal year 2024 have improved the design of our internal control over financial reporting, remediation of the material weakness in the revenue accounting process will require the Company to design and implement system improvements to either remove the privileged access to the manufacturing application and its databases or develop and implement controls from which changes processed via the privileged access are monitored and evaluated. We will not be able to conclude that this material weakness has been remediated until we have completed our remediation plans and perform testing to validate the effectiveness of these controls.

As we continue to evaluate and work to remediate the control deficiencies that gave rise to the material weakness in the revenue accounting process, we may determine that additional measures or time are required to address the control deficiencies or that we need to modify or otherwise adjust the remediation actions described above. We will also continue to assess the effectiveness of our remediation efforts in connection with our evaluation of our internal control over financial reporting. The material weakness in the revenue accounting process cannot be considered remediated until our remediation plans have been completed and the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting following the remedial actions has been validated.

If additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies are discovered or if we otherwise fail to address the adequacy of our internal control and disclosure controls and procedures, our business may be harmed. Effective internal controls are necessary for us to produce reliable financial reports and are important to helping prevent financial fraud. If we cannot provide reliable financial reports or prevent fraud, our business and operating results could be harmed, investors could lose confidence in our reported financial information, and the trading price of our common stock could drop significantly.

After we are no longer an “emerging growth company,” we will need to comply with auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. In that regard, as we prepare for such compliance, we will need to hire additional accounting and financial staff with appropriate public company experience and technical accounting knowledge. We cannot predict or estimate the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs.

Failure to meet environmental, social, and governance (“ESG”) expectations or standards could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, and stock price.

In recent years, there has been an increased focus from stakeholders on ESG matters, including greenhouse gas emissions and climate-related risks, renewable energy, water stewardship, waste management, diversity, equality and inclusion, responsible sourcing and supply chain, human rights, and social responsibility. Evolving stakeholder expectations and our efforts to manage these issues, report on them, and accomplish our goals present numerous operational, regulatory, reputational, financial, legal, and other risks, any of which could have a material adverse impact, including on our reputation and stock price. Such risks and uncertainties include:

•reputational harm, including damage to our relationships with customers, suppliers, investors, governments, or other stakeholders;

•adverse impacts on our ability to sell and manufacture products;

•the success of our collaborations with third parties;

•increased risk of litigation, investigations, or regulatory enforcement action; and

•adverse impacts on our stock price.

Risks Relating to the Transaction

We may not realize the anticipated benefits of the Transaction and any benefit may take longer to realize than we expect.

The Transaction is subject to the satisfaction or waiver of certain customary closing conditions, including, among other things: (1) the accuracy of the representations and warranties of each party to the Purchase Agreement; (2) the performance by each party of its obligations and covenants in all material respects; (3) the absence of a material adverse effect between the signing of the Purchase Agreement and the closing of the Transaction; (4) the absence of any applicable order or law prohibiting the Transaction; and (5) obtaining U.S. regulatory approval. We may not be able to obtain necessary regulatory approvals and satisfy other conditions to the Transaction on our anticipated timeframe or at all.

In addition, the Transaction will involve the integration of Fab 25’s operations with our existing operations, and there are uncertainties inherent in such an integration. We will be required to devote significant management attention and resources to integrating Fab 25’s operations. Even if we are able to integrate Fab 25’s operations successfully, this integration may not result in the realization of the full benefits of revenue synergies, cost savings and operational efficiencies that we expect or the achievement of these benefits within a reasonable period of time or at all.

We could be subject to new risks, known and unknown, relating to the Transaction.

We may experience risks, losses and damages associated with the Transaction. The risks we could face include the following:

•the Transaction may lead to the incurrence of costs to review, upgrade and integrate Fab 25’s systems with our compliance and reporting systems, including our systems of internal control over financial reporting. The process of integrating Fab 25 into our internal control over financial reporting could require significant time and effort from our management and other personnel and could increase our compliance costs; and

•the Transaction involves the inherent risk of liabilities, and these liabilities may prove more costly or produce more adverse effects than we anticipate, such as actual or potential litigation and regulatory matters. In addition, in the course of the due diligence review of Fab 25, we may not have discovered, or may have been unable to quantify, undisclosed liabilities of Fab 25, and we may not be indemnified or have insurance for any of these liabilities. Any such liabilities could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows following the completion of the Transaction.

Any of these risks associated with the Transaction could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Increased leverage may harm our financial condition and results of operations.

As of December 29, 2024, we had $72.1 million of total debt on a consolidated basis. We expect our indebtedness to increase materially in connection with the Transaction. We intend to fund the Transaction with borrowings under our Loan Agreement for an aggregate amount estimated to be approximately $80.0 million of new indebtedness in connection with the closing of the Transaction. This increase and any future increases in our level of indebtedness will have several important effects on our future operations, including, without limitation:

•we will have additional cash requirements to support the payment of interest on our outstanding indebtedness;

•increases in our outstanding indebtedness and leverage may increase our vulnerability to adverse changes in general economic and industry conditions, as well as to competitive pressure;

•our ability to obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, general corporate and other purposes may be reduced;

•our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and our industry may be reduced; and

•our flexibility to make acquisitions and develop technology may be limited.

Our ability to make payments of principal and interest on our indebtedness depends upon our future performance, which will be subject to general economic conditions and financial, business and other factors affecting our consolidated operations, many of which are beyond our control. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow from operations in the future to service our debt and meet our other cash requirements, we may be required, among other things:

•to seek additional financing in the debt or equity markets;

•to refinance or restructure all or a portion of our indebtedness;

•to sell selected assets or businesses; or

•to reduce or delay planned capital or operating expenditures.

Such measures might not be sufficient to enable us to service our debt and meet our other cash requirements. In addition, any such financing, refinancing or sale of assets might not be available at all or on economically favorable terms.

Risks Relating to the Ability to Raise Financing and Our Indebtedness

We may need to raise additional capital or financing to continue to execute and expand our business.

We may need to raise additional capital to expand or if positive cash flow is not achieved and maintained. We may be required to pursue sources of additional capital through various means, including joint venture projects, strategic partnerships and alliances, licensing or sale and leasing arrangements, and debt or equity financings, including sales of our common stock under our at the market offering program. If we raise additional equity or securities convertible or exchangeable for our equity, our stockholders may experience significant dilution of their ownership interests and the per share value of our common stock could decline. Newly-issued securities may include preferences, superior voting rights, and the issuance of warrants or other convertible securities that could have additional dilutive effects. The incurrence of additional indebtedness would result in increased fixed payment obligations and could involve certain restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, limitations on our ability to acquire or license intellectual property rights, and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. If we raise additional funds through joint venture projects, strategic partnerships and alliances, licensing or sale and leasing arrangements, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies or other assets, or grant licenses on terms unfavorable to us. Further, we may incur substantial costs in pursuing future capital or financing, including investment banking fees, legal fees, accounting fees, printing and distribution expenses, and other costs. We also may be required to recognize non-cash expenses in connection with certain securities we may issue, such as convertible notes and warrants, which could adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations. Our ability to obtain needed financing may be impaired by such factors as the weakness of capital markets, and the fact that we have not been profitable, which could impact the availability and cost of future financings.

Borrowing under the Loan Agreement is limited by a borrowing base of specified advance rates applicable to billed accounts receivable, unbilled accounts receivable, inventory, and equipment, subject to various conditions, limits and any availability block as provided in the Loan Agreement. The Loan Agreement also provides for borrowing base sublimits applicable to each of unbilled accounts receivable and equipment. Pursuant to the support letter, such funding would be in the form of a loan or equity investment. The support letter expires March 18, 2026.

We believe our expected results of operations, cash and cash equivalents on hand, available borrowings from our Loan Agreement and the support letter from Oxbow Industries, as needed, will provide sufficient liquidity to fund our operations for the next twelve months from the date of issuance of the consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K; however, we may need to seek additional financing and cannot provide any assurance that additional funds will be available when needed from any source or, if available, will be available on terms that are acceptable to us. If the amount of capital we are able to raise from financing activities, together with our revenues from operations, is not sufficient to satisfy our capital needs, we may have to reduce our operations accordingly, which could materially and adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our indebtedness could adversely affect our cash flows and limit our flexibility to raise additional capital.

We have a significant amount of indebtedness and may need to incur additional debt to support our growth. Recent significant increases in interest rates have increased our borrowing

costs and continued increases in interest rates will further increase the cost of servicing our outstanding indebtedness, refinancing our outstanding indebtedness, and increase the cost of any new indebtedness.

The monthly payments are subject to a 2% increase each year during the term of the lease. We are also required to make certain customary payments constituting additional rent, including certain monthly reserve, insurance, and tax payments, in accordance with the terms of the lease.

Our substantial amount of debt could have important consequences, and could:

•require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash and cash equivalents to make interest, rent, and principal payments, reducing the availability of our cash and cash equivalents and cash flow from operations to fund future capital expenditures, working capital, execution of our strategy and other general corporate requirements;

•increase our cost of borrowing and limit our ability to access additional debt to fund future growth;

•increase our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions and adverse changes in governmental regulations;

•limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and industry, which may place us at a disadvantage compared with our competitors; and

•limit our ability to borrow additional funds, even when necessary to maintain adequate liquidity, which would also limit our ability to further expand our business.

The occurrence of any of the foregoing factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our Loan Agreement contains restrictive covenants that may impair our ability to conduct business.

Our Loan Agreement contains a number of customary affirmative and negative covenants that, among other things, limit or restrict our ability to: merge with another entity; acquire assets; enter into transactions outside the ordinary course; sell assets; make loans or investments; incur indebtedness; create liens; guaranty obligations; pay or declare dividends; repurchase our common stock; dissolve; engage in new businesses; pay amounts on subordinated debt; enter into transactions with affiliates; change our jurisdiction of organization; amend our charter documents; enter into negative pledge agreements; and restrict subsidiary distributions, in each case, subject to certain limited exceptions. As a result of these covenants and restrictions, we are limited in how we conduct our business and we may be unable to raise additional debt or other financing to compete effectively or to take advantage of new business opportunities. The terms of any future indebtedness we may incur could include more restrictive covenants. Failure to comply with such restrictive covenants may lead to default and acceleration under our credit facility and may impair our ability to conduct business. Although we have not been in full compliance with all of the covenants and requirements in our credit facility in the past, to date our lenders have either waived these violations, permitted us to amend the covenants and/or otherwise not declared an event of default. We may not be able to maintain compliance with these covenants in the future and, if we fail to do so, we may not be able to obtain waivers from the lenders or amend the covenants, which may adversely affect our financial condition.

Risks Relating to Government Regulation

We are a party to several significant USG contracts, which are subject to unique risks.

The funding of USG programs is subject to annual U.S. congressional appropriations. Many of the USG programs in which we or our customers participate may extend for several years. Long-term government contracts and related orders are subject to cancellation if appropriations for subsequent performance periods are not made. In addition, the USG may modify, curtail, or terminate its contracts and subcontracts without prior notice at its convenience upon payment for work done and commitments made at the time of termination. The termination of funding for a USG program, or any modification or curtailment of one of our major USG programs or contracts, would result in a loss of anticipated future revenue attributable to that program, which could have an adverse effect on our operations, financial condition, or demand for our products and services.

Our government contracts are primarily fixed-price contracts where we bear a significant portion of the risk of cost overruns. These types of government contracts are priced, in part, on cost and scheduling estimates that are based on assumptions including prices and availability of experienced labor, equipment, and materials as well as productivity, performance, and future economic conditions. If these estimates prove inaccurate, if there are errors or ambiguities as to contract specifications, or if circumstances change due to, among other reasons, unanticipated technical problems, poor project execution, difficulties in obtaining permits or approvals, changes in local laws or labor conditions, weather delays, changes in the costs of equipment and materials, or our suppliers’ or subcontractors’ inability to perform, then cost overruns may occur. Our failure to accurately estimate the resources and time required for fixed-price contracts or our failure to complete our contractual obligations within a specified time frame or cost estimate could result in reduced profits or, in certain cases, a loss for that contract. If the contract is significant, or we encounter issues that impact multiple contracts, cost overruns could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our government contract activities are subject to audits by USG agencies, including agency Inspectors General. If any audit, inquiry, or investigation uncovers improper or illegal activities, we may be subject to civil and criminal penalties and administrative sanctions, including termination of contracts, suspension of payments, fines, and suspension or

debarment from doing business with the USG. In addition, we rely on certain third-party business strategy consultants to assist us in procuring new opportunities to compete for and receive USG contracts. If these contractors were to engage in any improper or illegal activities, our USG contracts could be terminated and we could be prohibited from obtaining government contract in the future, regardless of whether we had involvement or knowledge of any such activities. We also could suffer reputational harm if allegations of impropriety were made against us, even if such allegations are later determined to be false. We have not been audited in the past by the USG but expect that we may be audited in the future.

We are sometimes subject to potential USG review of our business and security practices due to our participation in government contracts. Any such inquiry or investigation could potentially result in a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Our USG business also is subject to specific procurement regulations and other requirements. These requirements, although customary in USG contracts, increase our performance and compliance costs. For example, we are required to comply with the DMEA Trust Accreditation process, the U.S. International Traffic in Arms Regulations (“ITAR”), the U.S. Export Administration Regulations (“EAR”), as well as labor requirements, pricing justifications, cybersecurity requirements, and other federal contractor requirements imposed by the Federal Acquisition Regulation (“FAR”), and the Defense FAR Supplement. In addition, we are subject to certain registration requirements, including registration with the Directorate of Defense Trade Controls and consortium registration or membership requirements. These compliance costs might further increase in the future, reducing our margins, which could have a negative effect on our financial condition. Failure to comply with these regulations and requirements could lead to suspension or debarment, for cause, from USG contracting or subcontracting for a period of time and could have a material adverse effect on our reputation and ability to secure future USG contracts.

Some of our subsidiaries hold USG-issued facility security clearances and certain of our employees have qualified for and hold USG-issued personnel security clearances necessary to qualify for and ultimately perform certain USG contracts. Obtaining and maintaining security clearances for employees involves lengthy processes, and it is difficult to identify, recruit, and retain employees who already hold security clearances. If these employees are unable to obtain or retain security clearances or if our employees who hold security clearances terminate employment with us and we are unable to find replacements with equivalent security clearances, we may be unable to perform our obligations to customers whose work requires cleared employees, or such customers could terminate their contracts or decide not to renew them upon their expiration. The USG could also “invalidate” our facility security clearances for several reasons including unmitigated foreign ownership, control or influence, mishandling of classified materials, or failure to properly report required activities. An inability to obtain or retain our facility security clearances or engage employees with the required personnel security clearances for a particular contract could disqualify us from bidding for and winning new contracts with security requirements as well as result in the termination of any existing contracts requiring such security clearances.

Changes to DoD business practices could have a material effect on the DoD’s procurement process and adversely impact our current programs and potential new awards.

The defense industry has experienced, and we expect will continue to experience, significant changes to business practices resulting from an increased focus by the DoD on affordability, efficiencies, business systems, recovery of costs, and a reprioritization of available defense funds to key areas for future defense spending. The DoD continues to adjust its procurement practices, requirements criteria, and source selection methodology in an ongoing effort to reduce costs, gain efficiencies, and enhance program management and control. We expect the DoD’s focus on business practices to impact the contracting environment in which we operate as we and others in the industry adjust our practices to address the DoD’s initiatives and the reduced level of spending by the DoD. Depending on how these initiatives are implemented, they could have an impact on our current programs, as well as new business opportunities with the DoD.

Our international sales and domestic operations are subject to applicable laws relating to trade, export controls, and foreign corrupt practices, the violation of which could adversely affect our operations.

Due to our international sales and domestic operations, we must comply with all applicable international trade, customs, export controls, and economic sanctions laws and regulations of the United States and other countries. Conducting our operations subjects us to risks that include:

•the burdens of complying with a wide variety of U.S. and international laws, regulations, and legal standards, including local data privacy laws, local consumer protection laws that could regulate permitted pricing and promotion practices, and restrictions on the use, import or export of certain technologies;

•the restrictions imposed on our business, operations, and additional security requirements required for compliance with United States export regulations, including ITAR and the EAR, including “deemed export” compliance which precludes foreign national access to restricted data, and export restrictions on materials and technology (including recently implemented export restrictions on advanced computing ICs, computer commodities that contain such ICs, and certain semiconductor manufacturing items, as well as controls on transactions involving items for supercomputer and semiconductor manufacturing end-users);

•longer accounts receivable payment cycles and difficulties in collecting accounts receivable;

•fluctuations in currency exchange rates;

•potentially adverse consequences of changes in diplomatic and trade relationships, as well as tariffs and trade barriers and other regulatory or contractual limitations on our ability to sell or develop our solutions in some international markets;

•difficulties in managing and staffing international operations;

•compliance with U.S. laws that apply to our operations, including the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the Trading with the Enemy Act, and regulations of the Office of Foreign Assets Control;

•changes in trade sanctions laws may restrict our business practices, including cessation of business activities in sanctioned countries or with sanctioned entities, and may result in modifications to compliance programs;

•potentially adverse tax consequences and compliance costs resulting from the complexities of international tax systems and overlap of different tax regimes;

•reduced or varied protection of intellectual property rights in some countries that could expose us to increased risk of infringement of our patents and other intellectual property;

•global disruptions in custom spending patterns or our ability to provide service to our customers as a result of any widespread public health issues including a pandemic; and

•political, social, and economic instability, terrorist attacks, wars, and security concerns in general.

The occurrence of any of these risks could negatively affect our international business and, consequently, our overall business, results of operations and financial condition.

Failure to comply with the broad range of laws, regulations, and standards in the jurisdictions in which we operate may result in exposure to substantial disruptions, costs, and liabilities.

We may also be affected by future standards, laws, or regulations, including those imposed in response to energy, climate change, product functionality, geopolitical, corporate social responsibility, or similar concerns.

Risks Relating to Intellectual Property

We depend on intellectual property to succeed in our business, and any failure or inability to obtain, preserve, enforce, defend, and protect our technologies or intellectual property rights could harm our business and financial condition.

Our business relies in part on trade secrets and other non-patent intellectual property rights, all of which offer only limited protection to our products and services (including technologies and processes used in our business). Although we regularly enter into non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements with employees, vendors, customers, and other third parties, these agreements may be breached or otherwise fail to prevent disclosure or use of trade secrets, know-how, and other proprietary or confidential information effectively or fail to provide an adequate remedy in the event of such unauthorized disclosure or use. Our ability to police misappropriation or infringement of our trade secrets and other non-patent intellectual property rights is uncertain, particularly in other countries. In addition, the existence of our own proprietary and confidential information, including trade secrets and know-how, does not protect against independent discovery or development of such intellectual property by other persons. If our proprietary or confidential information is misappropriated, is no longer confidential, or is not protectable as a trade secret, we may no longer be able to protect that information from further disclosure or use by others.

We currently do not own any patents. Patents can provide a competitive advantage to the patent holder because they may give the patent holder the ability to prevent competitors or other parties from practicing the inventions covered by the patents during the patent term, or they may give the patent holder the right to collect royalties from those parties, even if those parties arrived at the covered inventions independently of the patent holder. Without patent protection on our products and services, we will not have this competitive advantage. In addition, if we do not obtain patent protection for our products and services, we would not have patents to assert in response against a competitor or other party that asserts its patents against us or our customers, and we may be at a disadvantage in any patent dispute with such a party. We may in the future seek to obtain patent protection for some of our products and services, but we may not be successful. The process of applying for patents to obtain patent protection may take a long time and can be expensive. We cannot provide any assurance that patents will be issued from applications we may submit or that, if patents are issued, they will not be challenged, invalidated, or circumvented, or that the rights granted under the patents will provide us with meaningful protection or any commercial advantage.

We have sought, and may in the future seek, trademark registrations for certain trademarks used in our business, but we may not be successful. Registered trademarks can provide advantages to the trademark owner in the jurisdictions covered by the registrations. The process of applying for trademark registrations may take a long time and can be expensive. We cannot provide any assurance that trademark registrations will be granted from applications we have submitted or may submit or that, if trademark registrations are granted, they will not be challenged, invalidated, or circumvented, or that the rights granted under the trademark registrations will provide us with meaningful protection or any commercial advantage.

Costly and time-consuming litigation could be necessary to enforce and determine the scope of our proprietary rights. In addition, other countries in which we market our products and services may not respect our intellectual property rights to the same extent as the United States. Effective intellectual property enforcement may be unavailable or limited in some countries. We cannot provide any assurance that we will, at all times, enforce our intellectual property rights, and it may be difficult for us to protect our technologies and intellectual property rights from misuse or infringement by others. Further, courts may not uphold our intellectual property rights or enforce the contractual arrangements that we have entered into to protect our proprietary and confidential information, which may reduce our opportunities to generate revenues. In the event that we are unable to enforce our intellectual property rights, our business and financial condition may be harmed.

We depend on intellectual property licensed from third parties to succeed in our business, and any failure or inability to obtain or preserve rights under third-party licenses could harm our business and financial condition.

We use technologies and intellectual property rights that we license from third parties and that are material to our business. As one example, we received a license to certain technology and intellectual property rights in connection with our divestiture from Cypress. This license remains in effect and is critical to our business, and it may be terminated in the case of specified breaches or other events.

Parties with which we currently have license agreements, or with which we may enter into license agreements in the future, may elect not to renew those agreements or may have the right to terminate those agreements for our material breach, for convenience, or upon the occurrence of a change of control or other events or circumstances at any time, which could affect our ability to make use of material technologies or intellectual property rights.

We are required to pay ongoing royalties under some of these licenses, we may undertake obligations to pay royalties in the future, and these royalty obligations do or would impose costs on our business.

Our suppliers of technologies and intellectual property rights may suffer delays, quality issues, or other problems affecting their supply to us, or a supplier’s technologies and intellectual property rights may no longer be available to us, for example if the supplier discontinues a line of business or all of its business, or liquidates, merges, or is acquired by another company. Changes in our business from time to time may require us to negotiate new licenses or modifications to existing licenses, which may not be possible. As an alternative to the above, we might be required to develop non-infringing technology, which could require significant effort and expense and ultimately might not be successful.

Our collaboration with others regarding the development of technologies and intellectual property may require that we restrict use of certain technologies and intellectual property and may result in disputes regarding ownership of or rights to use or enforce intellectual property rights, which could harm our business and financial condition.

Our business involves collaboration, including customization and other development of technologies and intellectual property, with and for our customers, vendors, and other third parties. We frequently enter into agreements with customers, vendors, and others that involve customization and other development of technologies and intellectual property. Some of these agreements contain terms that allocate ownership of, and rights to use and enforce, technologies and intellectual property rights. As a result of these agreements, we may be required to limit use of, or refrain from using, certain technologies and intellectual property rights in parts of our business. Determining inventorship and ownership of technologies and intellectual property rights resulting from development activities can be difficult and uncertain. Disputes may arise with customers, vendors, and other third parties regarding ownership of and rights to use and enforce these technologies and intellectual property rights or regarding interpretation of our agreements with these third parties, and these disputes may result in claims against us or claims that intellectual property rights are not owned by us, are not enforceable, or are invalid. The cost and effort to resolve these types of disputes, or the loss of rights in technologies in intellectual property rights if we lose these types of disputes, could harm our business and financial condition.

Claims by others that we infringe their proprietary rights could harm our business and financial condition.

Third parties could claim that we, or our products or services (including technologies and processes used in our business) infringe, misappropriate, or otherwise violate their intellectual property rights. The communications, technology, and other industries in which we operate are characterized by the existence of a large number of patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets and by frequent litigation, including by non-practicing entities, based on allegations of infringement, misappropriation, or other violations of intellectual property rights, and we expect that such claims may increase as competition in the markets we serve continues to intensify, as we introduce new products and services (including in geographic areas where we currently do not operate) and as business-model or product or service overlaps between our competitors and us occur.

To the extent that we have greater prominence and market exposure as a public company, we may face a higher risk of being the target of intellectual property claims (including infringement claims).

From time to time, we may receive notices alleging that we have infringed, misappropriated, or otherwise violated other parties’ intellectual property rights. There may be third-party intellectual property rights, including patents and pending patent applications, that cover significant aspects of our products and services.

Any claims of infringement, misappropriation, or other violation by a third party, even claims without merit, could cause us to incur substantial defense costs and could distract our management and technical personnel from our business, and there can be no assurance that we or our products or services will be able to withstand such claims. Competitors may have the capability to dedicate substantially greater resources to enforce their intellectual property rights and to defend claims that may be brought against them than we do. Further, a party making such a claim, if successful, could secure a judgment that requires us to pay substantial damages, which potentially could include treble damages if we are found to have willfully infringed patents. A judgment also could include an injunction or other court order that could prevent us from using our technologies, offering our products or services, or otherwise conducting our business. In addition, we might be required to enter into a cross license or otherwise seek a license or enter into royalty arrangements for the use of the infringed intellectual property rights, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all. We may also be required to re-engineer our products or services, incur additional costs, discontinue the distribution or provision of certain products or services or the availability of certain features or capabilities of our products or services, or take other remedial actions. Any one or more of these events or circumstances, or the failure to obtain a license or the costs associated with any license, could harm our business and financial condition.

Third parties also may assert intellectual property claims against our customers relating to our products or services. Any of these claims might require us to initiate or defend potentially protracted and costly litigation on their behalf, regardless of the merits of these claims, because under specified conditions we agree to defend and indemnify our customers from claims of infringement, misappropriation, or other violation of intellectual property or other rights of third parties. We may be required to incur costs of the defense of these claims, we may be required to pay settlements of these claims, and if any of these claims were to succeed, we might be forced to pay damages on behalf of our customers, which could harm our business and our reputation in the industry.

We use open source software and other technology, which could negatively affect our business and subject us to litigation or other actions.

We use software and other technology in our business that is licensed under open source license terms, and we may use more open source technology in the future. We do not currently distribute technology that includes open source, but we may do so in the future, either ourselves or through a partner. The terms of many open source licenses have not been interpreted by U.S. courts, and there is a risk that these licenses could be construed in a way that could impose unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to commercialize products that include open source. As a result, we could be subject to lawsuits by parties claiming ownership of what we believe to be open source technology or claiming breach of open source licenses. Litigation could be costly for us to defend, harm our business and financial condition, or require us to devote additional research and development resources to change our products or services. In addition, if we were to combine our proprietary source code or other technology with open source technology in a certain manner, we could, under certain of the open source licenses, be required to release our source code or other proprietary technology to the public. This would allow our competitors to create similar products with less development effort and time. If we inappropriately use open source technology, or if the license terms for open source technology that we use change, we may be required to re-engineer our products or services, incur additional costs, discontinue the distribution of certain products or services or the availability of certain features or capabilities of our products or services, or take other remedial actions.

In addition to risks related to license requirements, usage of open source software or other technology can lead to greater risks than use of third-party commercial technology, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or assurance of title or controls on origin of the technology. In addition, many of the risks associated with usage of open source, such as the lack of warranties or assurances of title, cannot be eliminated, and could, if not properly addressed, harm our business and financial condition. We have established processes to help alleviate these risks, but we cannot be sure that all of our use of open source is in a manner that is consistent with our current policies and procedures, or will not subject us to liability.

Risks Relating to Ownership of Our Common Stock

The price of our common stock has been volatile and may continue to fluctuate substantially.

The trading price of shares of our common stock has been, and is likely to continue to be, volatile. The stock market in general, and the market for smaller technology companies in particular, has experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. Since shares of our common stock were sold in our IPO in April 2021 at a price of $14.00 per share, the closing price of our common stock has ranged from $4.43 to $36.80 through December 29, 2024. The price of our common stock could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to the following factors, among others:

•announcements of new products, services or technologies, commercial relationships, or other events by us or our competitors;

•regulatory or legal developments in the United States and other countries in which we operate;

•developments or disputes concerning patent applications, issued patents, or other proprietary rights;

•the recruitment or departure of key personnel;

•the level of expenses related to any of our wafers or development programs;

•actual or anticipated changes in estimates as to financial results, development timelines, or recommendations by securities analysts;

•operating results that fail to meet expectations of securities analysts that cover our company;

•variations in our financial results or those of companies that are perceived to be similar to us;

•general economic and political factors, including market conditions in our industry or the industries of our customers, inflationary pressures, and interest rate fluctuations;

•major catastrophic events; including those resulting natural disasters, incidents of terrorism, wars or responses to these events;

•price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market from time to time;

•significant volatility in the market price and trading volume of smaller technology companies in general and of companies in the semiconductor, microelectronics, and quantum computing industries in particular;

•sales of large blocks of our common stock;

•litigation involving us, our industry, or both, including disputes or other developments relating to our ability to patent our processes and technologies and protect our other proprietary rights;

•fluctuations in the trading volume of our shares or the size of the trading market for our shares held by non-affiliates; and

•the other factors described in this “Risk Factors” section.

If the market for smaller technology company stocks or the stock market in general experiences a loss of investor confidence, the trading price of our common stock could decline for reasons unrelated to our business, results of operations or financial condition. The market price of our common stock may also decline in reaction to events that affect other companies in our industry, even if these events do not directly affect us.

In addition, the stock markets have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies. Stock prices of many companies have fluctuated in a manner unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been brought against that company. Litigation of this nature, if instituted against us, could cause us to incur substantial costs and divert our management’s attention and resources from our business. Fluctuations in our operating results and cash flow could, among other things, give rise to short-term liquidity issues.

We do not intend to pay dividends in the future and any return on investment may be limited to the value of our common stock.

We do not anticipate paying cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future payment of dividends on our common stock will depend on earnings, financial condition and other business and economic factors affecting us at such time as our board of directors may consider relevant. Our current intention is to apply net earnings, if any, to finance the growth and development of our business, and we do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. In addition, the terms of our Loan Agreement prohibit us from paying dividends and any future debt agreements we may enter into may preclude us from paying dividends. If we do not pay dividends, our common stock may be less valuable because a return on investment will only occur if our stock price appreciates.

We are a holding company and rely on dividends, distributions, and other payments, advances, and transfers of funds from our subsidiaries to meet our obligations.

We are a holding company and we conduct substantially all activities through our subsidiaries. As a result, satisfying any future payment obligations we may have, and our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders if we desire to do so in the future, may be largely dependent upon cash dividends and distributions and other transfers from our subsidiaries. The agreements governing the indebtedness of our subsidiaries impose restrictions on our subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividend distributions or other transfers to us. In particular, our subsidiary SkyWater Technology Foundry is limited in its ability to declare dividends or make any payment on equity to, directly or indirectly, fund a dividend or other distribution to us. Consequently, substantially all of the net assets of our subsidiaries are restricted. The deterioration of the earnings from, or other available assets of, our subsidiaries for any reason could also limit or impair their ability to pay dividends or other distributions to us.

A limited number of stockholders have the ability to influence the outcome of director elections and other matters requiring stockholder approval.

As of December 29, 2024, an affiliate of Oxbow Industries and our directors and executive officers beneficially owned approximately 45% of our outstanding common stock. These stockholders, if they acted together, could exert substantial influence over matters requiring approval by our stockholders, including electing directors, adopting new compensation plans and approving mergers, acquisitions or other business combination transactions. This concentration of ownership may discourage, delay, or prevent a change of control of our company, which could deprive our stockholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their stock as part of a sale of our company and might reduce our stock price. These actions may be taken even if they are opposed by our other stockholders.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act, and we take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies” including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404, reduced financial disclosure obligations, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and any golden parachute payments not previously approved.

We may take advantage of these provisions until we are no longer an “emerging growth company.” We would cease to be an “emerging growth company” upon the earliest to occur of: (1) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have more than $1.235 billion in annual revenue; (2) the date we qualify as a large accelerated filer, with at least $700 million of equity securities held by non-affiliates; (3) the issuance, in any three-year period, by us of more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities; and (4) the last day of the fiscal year ending after the fifth anniversary of our IPO.

In addition, Section 107 of the JOBS Act also provides that an “emerging growth company” can take advantage of an extended transition period provided for complying with new or revised accounting standards. In other words, an “emerging growth company” can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected to opt in to the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards. Our financial statements therefore may not be comparable to those of companies that comply with such new or revised accounting standards.

We are also a “smaller reporting company,” as defined in the Exchange Act. Even after we no longer qualify as an “emerging growth company,” we may still qualify as a “smaller reporting company,” and would be able to continue to take advantage of certain of the scaled disclosures available to “smaller reporting companies.”

As a result, the information that we provide our security holders may be different than the information other public companies provide their security holders. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile.

Provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws and in Delaware law could discourage takeover attempts even if our stockholders might benefit from a change in control of our company.

Provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws and in Delaware law may discourage, delay, or prevent a merger, acquisition, or other change in control of our company that stockholders may favor, including transactions in which stockholders might receive a premium for their shares of common stock. These provisions also could make it more difficult for our stockholders to elect directors of their choosing and to cause us to take other corporate actions our stockholders support, including removing or replacing our current management. The certificate of incorporation and bylaw provisions:

•limit the number of directors constituting the entire board of directors to a maximum of eleven directors, subject to the rights of the holders of any outstanding series of preferred stock, and provide that the authorized number of directors at any time will be fixed exclusively by a resolution adopted by the affirmative vote of the authorized number of directors (without regard to vacancies);

•establish advance notice procedures for stockholders to make nominations of candidates for election as directors or to present any other business for consideration at any annual or special stockholder meeting;

•require that any action to be taken by our stockholders must be affected at a duly called annual or special meeting of stockholders and not be taken by written consent; and

•provide authority for the board of directors without stockholder approval to provide for the issuance of up to 80,000,000 shares of preferred stock, in one or more series, with terms and conditions, and having rights, privileges and preferences, to be determined by the board of directors.

In addition, we are subject to Section 203 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, or the Delaware General Corporation Law. This statute prohibits a publicly held Delaware corporation from engaging in a business combination with an interested stockholder (generally a person who, together with its affiliates, owns 15% or more of our voting stock) for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person became an interested stockholder, unless the business combination is approved in the manner prescribed by this statute.

Our certificate of incorporation designates the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware as the sole and exclusive forum for certain types of actions and proceedings that may be initiated by our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or with our directors, our officers, or our other employees.

Our certificate of incorporation provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for:

•any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf;

•any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by, or other wrongdoing by, any of our directors, officers or other employees, or stockholders to us or our stockholders;

•any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law or as to which the Delaware General Corporation Law confers jurisdiction on the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware;

•any action to interpret, apply, enforce, or determine the validity of our certificate of incorporation or the bylaws (including any right, obligation, or remedy thereunder); and

•any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine or any other “internal corporate claim” as such term is defined in Section 115 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, in each case subject to such court’s having personal jurisdiction over the indispensable parties named as defendants.

Our certificate of incorporation also provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States will be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act.

Any person purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our common stock is deemed to have received notice of and consented to the foregoing provisions. This choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds more favorable for disputes with us or with our directors, our officers or other employees, or our other stockholders, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and such other persons. Alternatively, if a court were to find this choice of forum provision inapplicable to, or unenforceable in respect of, one or more of the specified types of actions or proceedings, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY

The Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) recognizes the critical importance of maintaining the trust and confidence of our customers, clients, business partners and employees. The Board is actively involved in oversight of the Company’s risk management program, and cybersecurity represents an important component of the Company’s overall approach to enterprise risk management. In general, the Company seeks to address cybersecurity risks through a comprehensive and cross-functional approach that is focused on preserving the confidentiality, security and availability of the information that the Company collects and stores by identifying, preventing and mitigating cybersecurity threats and effectively responding to cybersecurity incidents when they occur. Our enterprise security program has been developed based on industry standards, including those published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (“NIST”).

Governance - The Board has designated that the Risk Management Committee is responsible for overseeing cybersecurity risks, and our Senior Vice President of Information Technology and Supply Chain Management (“SVP of IT & SCM”) reports to the Risk Management Committee on cybersecurity matters. The SVP of IT & SCM has over 20 years of experience in IT systems, IT infrastructure, fab and manufacturing environments, and site disaster recovery and compliance. Our IT administration team supports the SVP of IT & SCM and has deep working knowledge of the NIST cybersecurity framework, the Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification (CMMC) program, ISO 27001, and extensive experience in systems and technology infrastructure management. In addition, our Director of Corporate Security reports to our Chief Risk and Compliance Officer and is involved in the ongoing compliance with relevant cybersecurity regulations, including with regard to cybersecurity monitoring and incident response (as noted below). The Director of Corporate Security has over 20 years of experience in quality systems, semiconductor manufacturing, and industrial security.

Risk Assessment - Our enterprise risk assessment is performed by executives, management, and functional and department-level subject matter experts. This group engages in the ongoing monitoring of identified risks to the Company and risk mitigation efforts. Our enterprise risk management process captures the potential impact and likelihood of cybersecurity risk events by evaluating our current cybersecurity risk environment and our existing cybersecurity controls. Risks identified by our cybersecurity program are analyzed to determine the potential impact on us and the likelihood of occurrence. Such risks are continuously monitored to ensure that the circumstances and severity of such risks have not changed. The SVP of IT & SCM, senior leadership, and our internal audit function provide both the full Board and the Risk Management Committee with periodic updates on the performance of our cybersecurity program.

Monitoring and Incident Response - The Company’s cybersecurity program protects against threats through use of the following measures: identifying critical assets and high-risk threats; implementing cybersecurity detection, controls and remediation practices; implementing a third-party risk management program to evaluate our critical partners’ cyber posture; and evaluating our program effectiveness by performing internal and external assessments. The Company engages a third-party service provider to perform annual internal and external penetration testing under NIST special paper (SP) 800-171 requirements to identify potential gaps that require remediation. In addition, the Company utilizes several industry-standard software applications to monitor for cybersecurity threats and alert our Director of Corporate Security and IT administration of any incidents that require escalation to the SVP of IT & SCM and the Risk Management Committee. Threats and incidents identified are immediately investigated by the IT administration team and appropriate action is taken to mitigate the impact to the Company.

Education and Awareness - We conduct regular workforce training to instruct employees to identify cybersecurity concerns and take the appropriate action. We install and regularly update antivirus software on all company managed systems and workstations to detect and prevent malicious code from impacting our systems. In addition, we have a product security team focused on integrating risk and security best practices into our product development life cycle. Periodically, we are audited by an independent information systems expert to determine both the adequacy of, and compliance with, controls and standards.

Our business strategy, results of operations and financial condition have not been materially affected by risks from cybersecurity threats, including as a result of previously identified cybersecurity incidents, but we cannot provide assurance that we will not be materially affected in the future by cybersecurity risks, threats or incidents. The potential consequences of a future material cybersecurity incident may include reputational damage, litigation with third parties, government enforcement actions, penalties, disruption to our systems or operations of our facilities, unauthorized release of confidential or otherwise protected information, corruption of data, diminution in the value of our investment in research, development and engineering, increased cybersecurity protection costs and unplanned remediation costs, which in turn could adversely affect our business strategy, results of operations and financial condition. See Item 1A under the caption “A breach of our security systems or a cyberattack that disrupts our operations or results in the breach of confidential information about us, our technology, or our customers could harm our business and reputation, and could expose us to costly regulatory enforcement and other liability.” for additional information on cybersecurity risks applicable to the Company.

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